Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2001-2018

Mostafavi, Ehsan; Ghasemian, Abdolmajid; Abubakar, Abdinasir; Mahani, Seyed Alireza Nematollahi; Gouya, MM; Nguyen, Tran M; Awaidy, Salah Al; Ariqi, Lubna Al; Islam, Mazharul; Farag, Elmoubasher; Obtel, Majdouline; Mala, Peter; Matar, Ghassan M.; Asghar, Rana Jawad; Barakat, Amal; Sahak, Mohammad Nadir; Mansouri, Mariam Abdulmonem; Swaka, Alexandra

doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.13

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 153 publications

(219 reference statements)

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“…The highest incidence of infection is recorded during the transitional period (late summer/ early autumn). The population of mosquitoes that spread the virus is most numerous during the rainy season, and this is when epidemics of hemorrhagic fever are possible among humans and animals [32][33][34]. The incubation period is between 3 days and 1 week and a high fever persists for 3-5 days.…”

Section: Characteristics and Occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

Viral hemorrhagic fevers - a recurrent public health threat

Weiner¹,

Tarasiuk²

2021

hpc

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Authors' contributionWkład autorów: A. Study design/planning zaplanowanie badań B. Data collection/entry zebranie danych C. Data analysis/statistics dane -analiza i statystyki D. Data interpretation interpretacja danych E. Preparation of manuscript przygotowanie artykułu F. Literature analysis/search wyszukiwanie i analiza literatury G. Funds collection zebranie funduszy SummaryViral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by viruses are severe infectious diseases that lead to serious disturbances of the body's homeostasis, in most cases accompanied by symptoms of hemorrhagic diathesis. They are spread by infection vectors such as insects (mosquitoes, ticks), airborne droplets or direct contact with contaminated material (blood, sweat, excrement, feces). There are four major groups of RNA viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers -these include pathogens from the families Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae and Filoviridae. Despite their common name, VHFs are distinct disease entities with different etiologies, clinical manifestations and routes of transmission. Although they have been known for several decades and are associated with illnesses in tropical countries, the risk of their occurrence, in times of globalization and widespread international travel, is increasingly high. It is not insignificant that progressive climate change is making vectors of VHFs, which years ago were seen only in tropical countries, increasingly common on the European continent and even in eastern European countries.

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Section: Characteristics and Occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

Viral hemorrhagic fevers - a recurrent public health threat

Weiner¹,

Tarasiuk²

2021

hpc

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Therefore, building regional CDSS capacities and capabilities with adequate resources and expertise is essential to prevent and control disease outbreaks. 3 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and re-emerging infectious diseases (RIDs) are prevalent in most countries, particularly in the Mediterranean region, including Iraq, and could further spread within the region. 3 The early detection and prompt control actions of communicable diseases are critical for national, regional, and global health security. Since recurrent epidemics in certain places may result in onward transmission to other countries causing global pandemics, emerging of an infectious disease in any part of the world will be an international issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Therefore, building regional CDSS capacities and capabilities with adequate resources and expertise is essential to prevent and control disease outbreaks. 3 A feasible and efficient CDSS can be developed and enhanced through continuous monitoring and evaluation. The lack of performance assessment of the system is considered a significant sign of weakness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Assessment of Timeliness and Quality of Communicable Disease Surveillance System in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Hamalaw

Bayati

Babakir‐Mina

2021

INQUIRY

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Background The quality of the surveillance system can be defined by attributes such as completeness, timeliness, usefulness, simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, and reliability. This study aims to assess these quality features of the communicable disease surveillance system (CDSS) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods This study was conducted using a retrospective review of records and documents, and the interviews with the surveillance staff (n = 82) of the Kurdistan governorates during 2018, 2019, and 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline 2006 indicators were used for evaluation and monitoring the quality of the communicable disease surveillance system. The data analyzed and showed as frequencies and percentages using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software. Results The reporting timeliness declined from 98% in 2019 to 69% in 2020. At the same time, there was an improvement in completeness of reporting from 83% in 2018 to 99% in 2020. The total scores of other surveillance quality attributes, simplicity, usefulness, flexibility, acceptability, and reliability, were 75%, 72%, 67%, 72%, and 69%, respectively. Conclusion Current findings demonstrate that the CDSS is still facing significant challenges in timeliness simplicity, usefulness, flexibility, acceptability, and reliability. Further studies to assess the system’s quality, particularly the system’s timeliness of outbreak response, sensitivity, and specificity, are recommended.

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