Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses

Meng, Xiang‐Jin

doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01291.x

Cited by 91 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 190 publications

(286 reference statements)

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“…It has been associated with a number of porcine circovirus related diseases apart from PMWS, but it is also present in healthy herds [9]. In affected herds the rate of PCV2 infection is high but despite this only 5–30% of infected pigs develop clinical signs of PMWS [10]. The triggers to the onset of disease remains unclear but experimental settings in snatch farrowed colostrum deprived piglets have demonstrated that co-infections with PCV2 and for instance parvovirus or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induce PMWS in contrast to infection with PCV2 alone [11–13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Metagenomic Analysis Displays the Co-Infection Situation in Healthy and PMWS Affected Pigs

et al. 2016

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The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies have allowed the possibility to investigate and characterise the entire microbiome of individuals, providing better insight to the complex interaction between different microorganisms. This will help to understand how the microbiome influence the susceptibility of secondary agents and development of disease. We have applied viral metagenomics to investigate the virome of lymph nodes from Swedish pigs suffering from the multifactorial disease postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) as well as from healthy pigs. The aim is to increase knowledge of potential viruses, apart from porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), involved in PMWS development as well as to increase knowledge on the virome of healthy individuals. In healthy individuals, a diverse viral flora was seen with several different viruses present simultaneously. The majority of the identified viruses were small linear and circular DNA viruses, such as different circoviruses, anelloviruses and bocaviruses. In the pigs suffering from PMWS, PCV2 sequences were, as expected, detected to a high extent but other viruses were also identified in the background of PCV2. Apart from DNA viruses also RNA viruses were identified, among them were a porcine pestivirus showing high similarity to a recently (in 2015) discovered atypical porcine pestivirus in the US. Majority of the viruses identified in the background of PCV2 in PMWS pigs could also be identified in the healthy pigs. PCV2 sequences were also identified in the healthy pigs but to a much lower extent than in PMWS affected pigs. Although the method used here is not quantitative the very clear difference in amount of PCV2 sequences in PMWS affected pigs and healthy pigs most likely reflect the very strong replication of PCV2 known to be a hallmark of PMWS. Taken together, these findings illustrate that pigs appear to have a considerable viral flora consisting to a large extent of small single-stranded and circular DNA viruses. Future research on these types of viruses will help to better understand the role that these ubiquitous viruses may have on health and disease of pigs. We also demonstrate for the first time, in Europe, the presence of a novel porcine pestivirus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Metagenomic Analysis Displays the Co-Infection Situation in Healthy and PMWS Affected Pigs

et al. 2016

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“…In the past two decades, a number of enteric viruses have emerged in the swine population, including porcine kobuvirus [17]. Kobuviruses are recently identified, nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae [18-20].…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and molecular characterization of porcine enteric caliciviruses and first detection of porcine kobuviruses in US swine

et al. 2013

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The prevalence of porcine sapoviruses (SaVs) and noroviruses (NoVs) in nursing piglets on three pig farms in Ohio was studied. Fecal samples (n = 139) were collected from individual pigs and screened for caliciviruses by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using partial sequences of the RNA polymerase region. Three different SaV genogroups, including a newly emerging one (DO19 Korea-like) were detected. No NoVs were detected. Kobuviruses, emerging members of the family Picornaviridae, were detected by primers designed for SaV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of porcine DO19 Korea-like SaV and kobuvirus in the United States.

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“…Within the genus Hepevirus, there exist at least four genotypes of HEV that infect humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 infect solely humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic, infecting humans and other animal species, such as swine (6,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Lysine Residues within the Human Ribosomal Protein S17 Sequence Naturally Inserted into the Viral Nonstructural Protein of a Unique Strain of Hepatitis E Virus Are Important for Enhanced Virus Replication

Kenney

Meng

2015

J Virol

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important but extremely understudied human pathogen. Due largely to the lack of an efficient cell culture system for HEV, the molecular mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Recently, a unique genotype 3 strain of HEV recovered from a chronically infected patient was adapted for growth in HepG2C3A human hepatoma cells. The adaptation of the Kernow C-1 P6 HEV to propagate in HepG2C3A cells selected for a rare virus recombinant that contains an insertion of a 171-nucleotide sequence encoding amino acids 21 to 76 of the human ribosomal protein S17 (RPS17) within the hypervariable region (HVR) of the HEV ORF1 protein. When the RPS17 insertion was placed into a strain of genotype 1 HEV which infects only humans, it expanded the host range of the virus, allowing it to infect cell lines from multiple animal species, including cow, dog, cat, chicken, and hamster. In this study, we utilized forward and reverse genetics to attempt to define which aspects of the RPS17 insertion allow for the ability of the Kernow C-1 P6 HEV to adapt in cell culture and allow for expanded host tropism. We demonstrate that the RPS17 sequence insertion in HEV bestows novel nuclear/nucleolar trafficking capabilities to the ORF1 protein of Kernow P6 HEV and that lysine residues within the RPS17 insertion, but not nuclear localization of the ORF1 protein, correlate with the enhanced replication of the HEV Kernow C-1 P6 strain. The results from this study have important implications for understanding the mechanism of cross-species infection and replication of HEV. IMPORTANCEHEV is an important pathogen worldwide. The virus causes high mortality (up to 30%) in pregnant women and has been recognized to cause chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised populations. The life cycle of HEV has been understudied due to a lack of sufficient cell culture systems in which to propagate the virus. Recently, insertions and rearrangements of the hypervariable region (HVR) within the HEV genome, allowing for cell culture adaptation and expansion of the host range, have been reported. We utilized these cell culture-adapted HEV strains to assess how the HVR may be involved in virus replication and host range. We provide evidence that insertion of the RPS17 sequence in HEV likely confers nuclear trafficking capabilities to the nonstructural protein of the virus and that lysine residues within the RPS17 insertion are important for enhanced replication of the virus. These data will help to elucidate the mechanism of cross-species infection of HEV in the future. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in many parts of the world (1, 2). Major outbreaks and epidemics are most common in developing countries, where a lack of proper sanitation conditions leads to waterborne spread of the disease. In industrialized countries, HEV infection is typically sporadic and endemic. Recently, chronic HEV infection has become an important clinical problem in immunosuppressed individual...

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Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viruses

Cited by 91 publications

References 190 publications

Viral Metagenomic Analysis Displays the Co-Infection Situation in Healthy and PMWS Affected Pigs

Viral Metagenomic Analysis Displays the Co-Infection Situation in Healthy and PMWS Affected Pigs

Prevalence and molecular characterization of porcine enteric caliciviruses and first detection of porcine kobuviruses in US swine

The Lysine Residues within the Human Ribosomal Protein S17 Sequence Naturally Inserted into the Viral Nonstructural Protein of a Unique Strain of Hepatitis E Virus Are Important for Enhanced Virus Replication

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