Emerging Biomarkers of Congenital Heart Diseases and Disorders

Abstract

Present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate authentic and fast diagnosis of congenital heart diseases. The population of congenital heart disease patients is increasing regularly and serious complications in adults are also enormously exceeding in comparison to children. Most of these congenital defects are un-curable and becoming challenging to treat. However, for predicting the prognosis of patient's different types of biomarkers i.e. hemodynamic, physiological, genetic, molecular, immunological, clinical and therapeutic biomarkers are explained. For sequential assessment of major structural and functional defects in CHD (congenital heart diseases) patients various bioassays and scientific methods are used to integrate defects with symptoms to find therapeutic decisions, targets and goals. This article tries to explore therapeutic options and solutions of CHD on the basis of emerging biomarkers and assess the need to advent new potential authentic biomarkers.

The Higher C-Reactive Protein Levels as a Risk Factor of Stunting in Children with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

“…Acyanotic congenital heart disease can result in hemodynamic disturbances, such as volume overload or pressure on the heart. These hemodynamic abnormalities lead to activation of [5], [6]. Congenital heart disease can affect the respiratory system and cause diseases, such as recurrent respiratory infections.…”

“…Hemodynamic abnormalities led to activation of inflammatory cytokines that resulted in damage of cardiac myocytes, formation of fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. This condition results in pathological conditions such as cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and damage to heart cells, thereby reducing heart function [4], [5], [6]. The c-reactive protein is a simple inflammatory marker that can be elevated in conditions such as congenital heart disease and stunting.…”

“…The c-reactive protein levels are used to indicate the functional status of the heart muscle and cardiac vascular abnormalities in children. An increased CRP levels suppresses IGF-1 production, causing disorder of child growth or stunting [5], [6].…”