Emerging Biosecurity Threats and Responses: A Review of Published and Gray Literature

Cummings, Christopher; Volk, Kaitlin M.; Ulanova, Anna A.; Lam, Do Thuy Uyen Ha; Ng, Pei Rou

doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2086-9_2

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…In the real world, actors are frequently obligated to balance future benefits against a range of possible threats to humans, the environment, and broader safety and security ( Oye, 2012 ; Redford et al, 2013 ). Much of biotechnology is fundamentally “dual-use” in that its development can equally enable normatively beneficial and nefarious purposes, all depending upon an actor’s perspective and motivations ( Miller and Selgelid 2007 ; Marris et al, 2014 ; Cummings et al, 2021 ). For example, seemingly benign biological agents and viruses could be weaponized using genetic engineering technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 via gene drives ( Himmel, 2019 ).…”

Section: Rough Projections Of the Future: Aspirations For Future Biot...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Governing biotechnology to provide safety and security and address ethical, legal, and social implications

et al. 2023

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The field of biotechnology has produced a wide variety of materials and products which are rapidly entering the commercial marketplace. While many developments promise revolutionary benefits, some of them pose uncertain or largely untested risks and may spur debate, consternation, and outrage from individuals and groups who may be affected by their development and use. In this paper we show that the success of any advanced genetic development and usage requires that the creators establish technical soundness, ensure safety and security, and transparently represent the product’s ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI). We further identify how failures to address ELSI can manifest as significant roadblocks to product acceptance and adoption and advocate for use of the “safety-by-design” governance philosophy. This approach requires addressing risk and ELSI needs early and often in the technology development process to support innovation while providing security and safety for workers, the public, and the broader environment. This paper identifies and evaluates major ELSI challenges and perspectives to suggest a methodology for implementing safety-by-design in a manner consistent with local institutions and politics. We anticipate the need for safety-by-design approach to grow and permeate biotechnology governance structures as the field expands in scientific and technological complexity, increases in public attention and prominence, and further impacts human health and the environment.

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Section: Rough Projections Of the Future: Aspirations For Future Biot...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Governing biotechnology to provide safety and security and address ethical, legal, and social implications

et al. 2023

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“…Indeed, the world is currently facing various biosecurity threats, including emerging infectious diseases, bioterrorism attacks, and the potential use of biological weapons [22]. The frequent occurrence of public health emergencies and safety incidents such as COVID-19 and other emerging infectious diseases have highlighted the importance of biosafety [23].…”

Section: The Signi Cance and Innovation Of The Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of the biosafety incident response competence scale for clinical nursing staff

Wu,

Zhang,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Aims: This study aimed to develop the biosafety incident response competence scale and evaluate its validity and reliability among clinical nurses. Design: A scale development and validation study was completed in the following three phases: (1) the construction of a multidimensional conceptual model, (2) the preliminary exploration of the items, and (3) further exploration and evaluation of the items. Methods: The multidimensional conceptual model was developed through a literature review and the Delphi method. A total of 1,712 clinical nurses participated in the preliminary item exploration, while 1,027 clinical nurses were involved in the further item evaluation from July 2023 to August 2023. The item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to evaluate the construct validity. The reliability was measured by internal consistency, split-half reliability and test–retest reliability. Results: The final scale is composed of 4 factors and 29 items, scored on a 5-point scale. The factors included monitoring and warning abilities, nursing disposal abilities, biosafety knowledge preparedness, and infection protection abilities. The explanatory variance of the 4 factors was 75.100%. The validity and reliability of the scale are well validated. The internal consistency, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were 0.974, 0.945 and 0.840 respectively. The scale has good structural validity and content validity. The content validity was 0.866. Conclusions: The biosafety incident response competence scale for nurses exhibits satisfactory reliability and validity, making it a valuable tool for assessing clinical nurses' abilities in responding to biosafety incidents. Patient or Public Contribution: Clinical nurses participated in the exploration and evaluation of the nurse's biosafety incident response competence scale.

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Diagnostic electron microscopy in human infectious diseases – Methods and applications

Laue

2024

Journal of Microscopy

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Diagnostic electron microscopy (EM) is indispensable in all cases of infectious diseases which deserve or profit from the detection of the entire pathogen (i.e. the infectious unit). The focus of its application has shifted during the last decades from routine diagnostics to diagnostics of special cases, emergencies and the investigation of disease pathogenesis. While the focus of application has changed, the methods remain more or less the same. However, since the number of cases for diagnostic EM has declined as the number of laboratories that are able to perform such investigations, the preservation of the present knowledge is important. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the methods and strategies which are useful for diagnostic EM related to infectious diseases in our days. It also addresses weaknesses as well as useful variants or extensions of established methods. The main techniques, negative staining and thin section EM, are described in detail with links to suitable protocols and more recent improvements, such as thin section EM of small volume suspensions. Sample collection, transport and conservation/inactivation are discussed. Strategies of sample examination and requirements for a proper recognition of structures are outlined. Finally, some examples for the actual application of diagnostic EM related to infectious diseases are presented. The outlook section will discuss recent trends in microscopy, such as automated object recognition by machine learning, regarding their potential in supporting diagnostic EM.

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Emerging Biosecurity Threats and Responses: A Review of Published and Gray Literature

Cited by 5 publications

References 70 publications

Governing biotechnology to provide safety and security and address ethical, legal, and social implications

Governing biotechnology to provide safety and security and address ethical, legal, and social implications

Development and validation of the biosafety incident response competence scale for clinical nursing staff

Diagnostic electron microscopy in human infectious diseases – Methods and applications

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