Emerging contaminants in food matrices: An overview of the occurrence, pathways, impacts and detection techniques of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Eze, Chukwuebuka Gabriel; Okeke, Emmanuel Sunday; Nwankwo, Chidiebele Emmanuel; Nyaruaba, Raphael; Anand, Uttpal; Okoro, Onyekwere Joseph; Bontempi, Elza

doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.03.012

Cited by 10 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 106 publications

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“…The consumption of eggs, meat, milk, and seafood is reported to be the most significant contributors to PFAA exposure in the human diet [ 14 ]. Such contamination of food stuff is the result of direct contact during production, processing, packaging, and storage, or through contamination of the soil, water, or air used in food production, consumption of food from animals that have been exposed through contaminated feed, environmental exposure, or accumulation in the aquatic food chain [ 15 ]. PFAAs are known to persist and accumulate, and their chain length determines their elimination; they particularly become sequestered in the kidney and liver, and their levels are BMI-dependent [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Vitamin D with Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Women with and without Non-Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Butler,

Sathyapalan,

Das

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Background. Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent organic pollutants affected by BMI and ethnicity, with contradictory reports of association with vitamin D deficiency. Methods. Twenty-nine Caucasian women with non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and age- and BMI-matched Caucasian control women (n = 30) were recruited. Paired serum samples were analyzed for PFAAs (n = 13) using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectrometry determined levels of 25(OH)D3 and the active 1,25(OH)2D3. Results. Women with and without PCOS did not differ in age, weight, insulin resistance, or systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein did not differ), but the free androgen index was increased. Four PFAAs were detected in all serum samples: perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS). Serum PFOS was higher in PCOS versus controls (geometric mean [GM] 3.9 vs. 3.1 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Linear regression modeling showed that elevated PFHxS had higher odds of a lower 25(OH)D3 (OR: 2.919, 95% CI 0.82–5.75, p = 0.04). Vitamin D did not differ between cohorts and did not correlate with any PFAAs, either alone or when the groups were combined. When vitamin D was stratified into sufficiency (>20 ng/mL) and deficiency (<20 ng/mL), no correlation with any PFAAs was seen. Conclusions. While the analyses and findings here are exploratory in light of relatively small recruitment numbers, when age, BMI, and insulin resistance are accounted for, the PFAAs do not appear to be related to 25(OH)D3 or the active 1,25(OH)2D3 in this Caucasian population, nor do they appear to be associated with vitamin D deficiency, suggesting that future studies must account for these factors in the analysis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%