Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis

Chen, Yu; Liu, Qianyun; Guo, Deyin

doi:10.1002/jmv.26234

Cited by 506 publications

(563 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The city of Wuhan in China is in the spotlight since December 2019 because of the outbreak of a febrile respiratory syndrome due to a pneumonia caused by a new unknown coronavirus (Li et al, 2020) possibly linked to a wholesale seafood market in Huanan (Y. Chen, Liu, & Guo, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health

Torales

O’Higgins

Castaldelli-Maia

et al. 2020

Int J Soc Psychiatry

2,612

2,019

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Background: The current outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus infection among humans in Wuhan (China) and its spreading around the globe is heavily impacting on the global health and mental health. Despite all resources employed to counteract the spreading of the virus, additional global strategies are needed to handle the related mental health issues. Methods: Published articles concerning mental health related to the COVID-19 outbreak and other previous global infections have been considered and reviewed. Comments: This outbreak is leading to additional health problems such as stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, denial, anger and fear globally. Collective concerns influence daily behaviors, economy, prevention strategies and decision-making from policy makers, health organizations and medical centers, which can weaken strategies of COVID-19 control and lead to more morbidity and mental health needs at global level.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health

Torales

O’Higgins

Castaldelli-Maia

et al. 2020

Int J Soc Psychiatry

2,612

2,019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nsp12 is a key protein in the virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase (Ahn et al, 2012). A detailed review of nsps has been published previously (Chen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Genomic Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 recognises the ACE2 receptor on the human cell surface, binds with it and gains entry into the host cell through membrane fusion or endocytosis (Chen et al, 2020). Once inside the host cell, SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome is released in the host cytoplasm.…”

Section: Host Cell Entry and Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wu et al, 2020). Upon gaining entry, the SARS-CoV-2 genome utilises the host machinery to replicate and infect other host cells (Chen et al, 2020). Symptoms of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic or sub-clinical cases to fever and cough, and severe cases like pneumonia-like symptoms that may rapidly progress, deteriorate patient’s condition and may lead to death within weeks of contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection (Guan et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease-2019: An Overview

Sewda

Gupta

2020

Journal of Health Management

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus, responsible for the ‘coronavirus disease-2019’ (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the sarbecovirus (lineage-B) sub-genus within the betacoronavirus genus of the coronaviridae family. SARS-CoV-2 shares similarities with SARS-CoV, which was responsible for the 2003 SARS epidemic. SARS-CoV-2 binds with great affinity to the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 receptors on human cells, and its ~30 kilobases long RNA genome hijacks the host machinery and compromises the host immune system with the help of accessory proteins, such as non-structural proteins, resulting in a widespread infection. The spike protein is responsible for the contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2 and, together with the nucleocapsid protein, elicits the host inflammatory response. Several real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) tests have been developed to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection in suspected cases of COVID-19. Furthermore, rapid tests based on SARS-CoV-2-specific antigens and antibodies have been developed to conduct epidemiological surveillance of the hotspot regions that are worst affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Until effective measures to prevent the occurrence or spread of COVID-19 pandemic are developed, containment measures are being taken, such as isolation of confirmed COVID-19 patients, quarantine of individuals who may have come in contact with a SARS-CoV-2 infected individual, community-wide social distancing, state/nation-wide lockdown, etc. Several vaccines and drugs are being tested that could target the viral structural proteins, non-structural proteins or associated SARS-CoV-2 sub-genomic RNA regions.

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“…4 This 2019-nCoV is the third and the most lethal pathogenic human positive sense RNA coronavirus identified following the outbreak of zoonotic transmission of CoV that has been recognized as SARS-CoV (in 2003) and MERS-CoV (in 2012), affecting birds and a wide range of animals including humans. [5][6][7] The hallmark of each of these infections is viral pneumonia accompanied by host inflammation, leading to pulmonary edema and a syndrome that resembles acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). 8 Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients present with exuberant activation of T cells, and Th17 cell infiltration leads to an elevation of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17A (IL-17A) (also known as and related families such as IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (also known as IL- 25), and IL-17F.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Inflammatory Cytokine: IL-17A Signaling Pathway in Patients Present with COVID-19 and Current Treatment Strategy</p>

Shibabaw¹

2020

JIR

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a globally communicable public health disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Eradication of COVID-19 appears practically impossible but, therefore, more effective pharmacotherapy is needed. The deteriorated clinical presentation of patients with COVID-19 is mainly associated with hypercytokinemia due to notoriously elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon-γinducible protein (IP10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and is usually responsible for cytokine release syndrome. In the cytokine storm, up-regulation of T-helper 17 cell cytokine IL-17A, and maybe also IL-17F, is mostly responsible for the immunopathology of COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Herein, I meticulously review the exuberant polarization mechanism of naïve CD4 + T cells toward Th17 cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated immunopathological sequelae. I also, propose, for clinical benefit, targeting IL-17A signaling and the synergic inflammatory cytokine IL-6 to manage COVID-19 patients, particularly those presenting with cytokine storm syndrome.

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Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis

Cited by 506 publications

References 2 publications

The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health

The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health

Genetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease-2019: An Overview

<p>Inflammatory Cytokine: IL-17A Signaling Pathway in Patients Present with COVID-19 and Current Treatment Strategy</p>

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