Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Historical and Scientific Review

Abstract

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) are diseases caused by an infectious pathogen that has recently evolved and entered a given population for the first time; or a disease that had occurred before but whose incidence, impact and/or geographic range has increased or is expected to increase within a given time-frame (Jones 2008; CDC 1994;Morse and Schluederberg 1990). EIDs include novel infections in human, animal and plant populations.Although the phrase "emerging diseases" has been used in scientific literature and publications since the early 1960s (Maurer 1962), it was not until after outbreaks of genital herpes and HIV/AIDS in the 1970s (Fleming et al. 1997) and early 1980s respectively that concern over EIDs and the use of the term became more widespread. Key landmark events and publications, notably the first conference on the prediction and prevention of EIDs jointly hosted by the Rockefeller University and National Institute for Health (NIH) in May 1989, and publication by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1992 identifying the significance of EIDs and providing a

Colonialism in South Africa leaves a lasting legacy of reduced genetic diversity in Cape buffalo

“…These declines were caused by a combination of excessive hunting, fragmentation and reduction of habitat, as well as systematic eradication of wildlife, which was in some cases considered a nuisance for livestock keeping (Carruthers, 2005). Novel pathogens being introduced via livestock may also have contributed to these wildlife declines (Ndow et al, 2019), as in the case of rinderpest which entered the continent in the Horn of Africa (Tizard, 2021). As a direct consequence of this concentration of factors in southern Africa, several large mammals were severely reduced in numbers, examples include the extinction of the bluebuck ( Hippotragus leucophaeus ) (Hempel et al, 2021) and the quagga ( Equus quagga quagga ) (Leonard et al, 2005) and the near‐extinction of the bontebok ( Damaliscus pygargus pygargu s), black wildebeest ( Connochaetes gnou ) (D'Amato et al, 2013) and black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ) (Moodley et al, 2017).…”

Public health threat of novel zoonotic diseases: literature review

“…The concept of emerging infectious diseases (EID) was first mentioned in the early 1960s and became widespread in the late 1980s (23). This coincided with major global outbreaks that challenged the perception of infectious diseases as remnants of the past or confined to underdeveloped regions (24). The dynamic spectrum of infectious diseases is evolving, propelled by societal and environmental changes.…”

“…Koncepcja nowo pojawiających się chorób zakaźnych po raz pierwszy pojawiła się w literaturze na początku lat sześćdziesiątych XX wieku, a rozpowszechniła się pod koniec lat osiemdziesiątych XX wieku (23). Zbiegło się to z poważnymi ogólnoświatowymi epidemiami, które podważyły postrzeganie chorób zakaźnych jako sprawy historycznej lub zjawiska ograniczonego do regionów słabo rozwiniętych (24). Dynamiczne spektrum chorób zakaźnych ewoluuje pod wpływem zmian społecznych i środowiskowych.…”

Strategi Rumah Sakit X Dalam Menangkap Peluang Pasar di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

“…Ini merupakan salah satu faktor eksternal yang tidak dapat dikendalikan dan sangat mempengaruhi strategi dan peluang bisnis Rumah Sakit. Emerging infectious diseases adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh patogen menular yang baru saja berevolusi dan memasuki populasi tertentu untuk pertama kalinya; atau penyakit yang pernah terjadi sebelumnya namun kejadian, dampak dan/atau jangkauan geografisnya telah meningkat atau diperkirakan akan meningkat dalam jangka waktu tertentu (Ndow et al, 2019). COVID-19 merupakan emerging infectious disesase yang pertama kali masuk ke Indonesia pada bulan Maret 2020 dan kasusnya semakin hari semakin meluas sehingga ditetapkan menjadi bencana nasional.…”