Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife and Species Conservation

Abstract

There has been an increase in the emergence and reemergence of human infectious diseases on a global scale, and zoonotic diseases in which wildlife serves as the reservoir are a large contributing factor. Faced with this situation, there is a necessity to create integrated prevention strategies and predictive models to determine the sites most vulnerable to the emergence of new zoonoses. Cases have been documented in which pathogens responsible for infectious diseases in wild species have been readily transmitted between hosts and have threatened vulnerable declining populations. Habitat destruction and man-made changes in the landscape together with the introduction of alien species are significant environmental variables that affect the ecology of infectious diseases. Thus, the loss of biodiversity is illustrated to be related to both the emergence of new or the exacerbation of existing vector-borne zoonotic diseases through mechanisms such as the loss of the dilution effect and ecological release and simplification. Hence, it is important to consider this factor when assessing disease risk and disease prevention in domestic animals and humans. Diseases like leptospirosis in which water plays an important role are ecosystem health diseases; in fact, the reported higher prevalence of Leptospira spp. in river otters in southern Chile compared with species less adapted to aquatic environments and with terrestrial domestic carnivores provides evidence that man-made landscape alterations, including the introduction of alien species, has exacerbated the transmission and prevalence of leptospirosis in wildlife and thus the risk of human infection.

The wild cost of invasive feral animals worldwide

“…The impacts of domesticated species are particularly important on islands due to their unique and vulnerable ecosystems. Among domesticated species, rabbits and cats are the most impactful on islandsbeing also the driver of many animal extinctions (Medina et al, 2013). For example, those impacts caused by cats on islands, where they have contributed to the extinction of >60 native species (Meli et al, 2010;Doherty et al, 2016), are rarely translated into monetary costs, or if translated, typically comprise relatively low management costs rather than a record of damages to resources (Cuthbert et al, 2022a).…”