Emerging issues on degradation by-products deriving from personal care products and pharmaceuticals during disinfection processes of water used in swimming pools

Bottoni, Paola; Bonadonna, Lucia; Chirico, Mattea; Caroli, Sergio; Záray, Gyula

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2013.09.001

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Although recent reviews by Bottoni et al (2014), Sharifan et al (2016) and Haman et al (2015) discuss some potential issues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environments, this review will present studies of PPCPs applicable to swimming pools (especially UV filters, antifungal agents and parabens that are commonly added to sunscreens and other cosmetic products), with a particular focus on the potential for DBP formation. Although known by various chemical and trade names, for the purpose of this review, some commonly reported PPCPs will be abbreviated as per Table 3, with full lists of names provided in Table S15.…”

Section: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

Carter

Joll

2017

Journal of Environmental Sciences

119

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Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease; however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions (sweat, urine and saliva) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions) are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant. Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool. The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo- and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant. This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.

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Section: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

Carter

Joll

2017

Journal of Environmental Sciences

119

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“…PCPs and other emerging contaminants, similarly to other organic precursors, react with chlorine leading to the formation of DBPs. For this reason, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and PCPs in swimming pool waters has raised concerns about their potentially toxic byproducts (Bottoni et al, 2014). Although several studies have analyzed the occurrence of these compounds in swimming pools, data about their degradation and transformation products in chlorinated media are very limited.…”

Section: Emerging Precursors In Swimming Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, origin, and toxicity of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated swimming pools: An overview

Manasfi

Coulomb

Boudenne

2017

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

125

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Disinfection treatments are critical to conserve the microbiological quality of swimming pool water and to prevent water-borne infections. The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools is an undesirable consequence resulting from reactions of disinfectants (e.g. chlorine) with organic and inorganic matter present in pool water, mainly brought by bathers. A considerable body of occurrence studies has identified several classes of DBPs in swimming pools with more than 100 compounds detected, mainly in chlorinated freshwater pools. Trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are among the major DBPs in swimming pools. Other DBPs such as haloacetonitriles (HAN), haloamines, nitrosamines, and halobenzoquinones have also been detected. Researchers have been interested in identifying the precursors responsible for the formation of DBPs. In swimming pools, anthropogenic organic loads brought by swimmers increase the complexity of pool water chemistry. When human inputs (e.g. sweat, urine, hair, skin and personal care products) containing very diverse organic compounds are introduced to pools by swimmers, they react with chlorine resulting in the formation of complex mixtures of DBPs. The overwhelming majority of the total organic halide (TOX) content is still unknown in swimming pools. Exposure of swimmers to DBPs can take place through multiple routes, depending on the chemical properties of each DBP. Toxicological studies have shown that swimming pool water can be mutagenic with different potencies reported in different studies. Many DBPs have been shown to be genotoxic and carcinogenic. DBPs were also shown to induce reproductive and neurotoxic adverse effects in animal studies. Epidemiologic studies in humans have shown that exposure to DBPs increases the risk of respiratory adverse effects and bladder cancer. Association between DBPs and other health effects are still inconclusive. Data gathered in the present review (occurrence, toxicity, and toxicological reference values) could be used in conducting chemical risk assessment studies in swimming pools.

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“…Long-term exposure to the PPCPs mixture may potentially cause negative health effects. Moreover, their degradation in swimming pool water treatment systems is possible and PPCPs' by-products may be more relevance to the health of swimmers than their parent compound [9]. These reasons connected with the fact that swimmers have direct contact with the analyzed compounds and their by-products, make it necessary to investigate the occurrence of PPCPs in swimming pools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Micropollutants in Water Samples from Swimming Pool Systems

Lempart

Kudlek

Dudziak

2017

The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences

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Abstract:The present study investigated the occurrence of selected micropollutants including emerging contaminants (mainly pharmaceuticals and personal care products-PPCPs) in selected water samples from swimming pool systems. The study area was selected based on the lack of available information regarding the suspected contamination of swimming pools water by PPCPs. The variety and concentration of chemical compounds in these aquatic systems can be quite diversified, presenting a challenge in terms of both purification and quality control. Determination of PPCPs requires very sensitive analytical methods that make it possible to confirm the presence of tested compounds in a complex organic extract. In this field, GC-MS gas chromatography can be used. This system enables to perform Selected Ion Monitoring, which reduces the detection limits of the investigated analyte. This paper aims at presentation of analytical methods and strategies adapted to obtain information on the composition and characteristics of water in swimming pool systems. The sample preparation methodology including solid phase extraction was developed for swimming pool water.

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Emerging issues on degradation by-products deriving from personal care products and pharmaceuticals during disinfection processes of water used in swimming pools

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

Occurrence, origin, and toxicity of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated swimming pools: An overview

Determination of Micropollutants in Water Samples from Swimming Pool Systems

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