Emerging Lithiated Organic Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Full Batteries

Abstract

Organic electrode materials have application potential in lithium batteries owing to their high capacity, abundant resources, and structural designability. However, most reported organic cathodes are at oxidized states (namely unlithiated compounds) and thus need to couple with Li-rich anodes. In contrast, lithiated organic cathode materials could act as a Li reservoir and match with Li-free anodes such as graphite, showing great promise for practical full-battery applications. Here we summarize the synthesis, stability, and battery applications of lithiated organic cathode materials, including synthetic methods, stability against O 2 and H 2 O in air, and strategies to improve comprehensive electrochemical performance. Future research should be focused on new redox chemistries and the construction of full batteries with lithiated organic cathodes and commercial anodes under practical conditions. This Minireview will encourage more efforts on lithiated organic cathode materials and finally promote their commercialization.

A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles

“…The chemistry of lithium-ion batteries is defined based on their cathode material [46]. There are a large number of batteries with different chemistries available on the market and installed in various electric vehicles.…”

Towards the 4 V-class n-type organic lithium-ion positive electrode materials: the case of conjugated triflimides and cyanamides

“…To the best of our knowledge, these values stand among the highest reported so far for organic n-type redox materials. 18 During the first oxidation process the radical anion is generated, while the second oxidation event produces the neutral form, both of which are attributed to the anodic events (delithiation process). The cathodic waves show reversible responses.…”

“…Secondly, given the thermodynamic air stability threshold of about 2.91 V vs. Li + /Li 0 , 16,17 most of the currently available Li-containing organics get oxidized when exposed to ambient atmospheric conditions (i.e., not even possible to handle in a dry room). 17,18 Therefore, when n-type organics are used in organic batteries in the lithium-free cathode (oxidized state), lithium metal or its alloy is required as the negative electrode to provide the lithium source. As depicted in Fig.…”

“…, not even possible to handle in a dry room). 17,18 Therefore, when n-type organics are used in organic batteries in the lithium-free cathode (oxidized state), lithium metal or its alloy is required as the negative electrode to provide the lithium source. As depicted in Fig.…”