“…First, infrastructure in many EMs is either poor or fledging as demonstrated by meager transportation systems, inadequate warehousing facilities, and low‐quality or congested ports (Babbar et al., 2008; Prasad et al., 2005; Lorentz et al., 2013; Ruamsook et al., 2007), resulting in increased exposure to SC disruptions. In addition, deficient technological infrastructure (Prasad and Tata, 2010; Lorentz et al., 2013) and the limited use of advanced supply chain management (SCM) systems make visibility and traceability of SC activities difficult. Second, poor institutional infrastructure (e.g., legislation, regulations, policies, and the implementation and enforcement of rules and regulations) adds to risks of opportunistic behaviors and hinders compliance to contractual policies (Marquis and Raynard, 2015; Child and Lu, 1996).…”