Emerging near infrared fluorophore: Dicyanoisophorone-based small-molecule fluorescent probes with large stokes shifts for bioimaging

Modulating the Luminescence, Photosensitizing Properties, and Mitochondria-Targeting Ability of D-π-A-Structured Dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazines

“…Fluorophores functionalized with pyridinium group(s) have attracted numerous attentions in organelle-specific imaging [52][53][54][55][56], due to the easy introduction of pyridinium units and the positive charge of pyridinium which promotes the probes to target the negatively charged organelle such as mitochondria via electrostatic interactions. Moreover, as reported, the construction of D-π-A architecture would bring about many benefits [57][58][59][60], such as strong ICT effect, large Stokes shift, which is vital to the imaging applications [61][62][63][64], long-wavelength emission, environmental sensitivity, tunable photophysical properties, and even photosensitizing properties, etc. (Scheme 1).…”

Rational Design and Biological Application of Hybrid Fluorophores

“…[16,17] However, they also have inherent limitations, such as a small Stokes shift, a low fluorescence quantum yield, and poor water solubility, which restrict their further applications. The photophysical properties of excellent fluorophores include: [18][19][20][21] 1) The emission wavelength is located in the nearinfrared (NIR) range to achieve enhanced tissue penetration depths for reduced damage during imaging, while also minimizing interference from organism self-fluorescence. 2) Satisfactory fluorescence quantum yield, molar extinction coefficient, and appropriate fluorescence brightness, which can reduce the laser excitation intensity as much as possible during the imaging process to reduce the potential damage to cells by excitation light and photobleaching of the probe.…”

A novel isophorone-based fluorescent probe for recognizing Al3+ and its bioimaging in plants

“…[27][28][29] The dicyanoisophorone derivatives themselves have excellent near-infrared uorescence emission properties. 34 Upon addition of Al 3+ , the probe YT-Al complexes with it, leading to a decrease in the electron absorption capacity of the carbonyl group (C]O), which enhances the ICT effect 31 of the probe molecule and red-shis the uorescence spectrum. Meanwhile, the uorescence intensity of the probe YT-Al was signicantly enhanced by inhibiting the isomerisation of the imide group (C]N).…”