Emerging pathogens: A case of Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica and Ignatzschineria indica bacteremia

Maggot Wound Therapy Associated with Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica Blood Infection

“…Three were primarily treated with a cephalosporin [7,15,17] while two cases including this one had a quinolone in the regimen. There were nine patient reports that had W. chitiniclastica as part of a polymicrobial blood infection and most utilized a beta-lactam antibiotic [5,6,9,[11][12][13][18][19][20].…”

Ignatzschineria spp. bacteremia from maggot infestation

“…infections include poverty, necrotic wounds, and poor personal hygiene. In the United States, cases of Ignatzschineria indica bacteremia have been described in patients who were disheveled, homeless, chronic alcoholics, local scraper, and bed-bound patients - all had maggot-infested wounds in common [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 7 ]. Three cases of Ignatzschineria indica bacteremia in France were described in the setting of wounds infected with a large number of maggots [ 2 ].…”

“…It is important to note that medical-grade maggots commonly used to promote debridement and wound healing are free of pathogenic bacteria as they are grown in sterile, cultured environments [ 3 ]. On the other hand, myiasis, the larval infestation of vertebrate animals and humans, occurs naturally in the environment and may cause uncontrolled infestation as well as bacterial infection [ 4 ].…”

Ignatzschineria larvae Bacteremia Following Lucilia sp. Myiasis in an Irregular Migrant: A Case Report

“…Recent inclusion of reference spectra for a representative strain of Ignatzschineria indica in the Bruker database may make possible more frequent identification of this species by MALDI-TOF MS in the future [19,28]. Indeed, as reported by Rodriguez-Zuniga et al [24], Deslandes et al [19], and Snyder et al [26], I. indica from blood cultures of patients with sepsis or bacteremia has correctly been identified by MALDI-TOF MS. As shown in our case, the identification of the species I. larvae by MALDI-TOF MS was still not possible. Currently, the most accurate method for identifying Ignatzschineria spp.…”

“…the infested host, causing serious systemic infections. However, bacteremia in humans caused by species of the genus Ignatzschineria has been rarely described and has only been documented in a few case reports [5,6,15,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The rarity of infections being detected may be due to the fact that these bacteria were first described only 2 decades ago and also the difficulty of their identification using standard medical microbiology identification methods, such as classical biochemical tests and commercial bacterial identification systems [18].…”