Emerging Pharmacotherapies for Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second commonest neurodegenerative disorder in the older adult and is characterized by progressive disabling motor symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, postural instability and also non motor symptoms that affect quality of life. The pharmacotherapy of PD consists of oral, transdermal, and subcutaneous medications, as well as invasive advanced therapies at later stages of the disease. PD medications are often started as monotherapy but with the progression of the illness often there is a need to add more medications and frequently comprises of a challenging polypharmacotherapy. Adverse effects of pharmacotherapy often add to the problems of adequate treatment. Patients and physicians have to prioritize treatment goals on the most disabling symptoms and the safest and most effective treatments. Almost every year newer medications and modes of delivery continue to be researched and added to the therapeutic armamentarium. This review article outlines existing and emerging pharmacotherapies for motor symptoms in PD.

The protective effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with different high frequencies on motor functions in MPTP/probenecid induced Parkinsonism mouse models

“…The major pathological hallmark of PD is the degeneration and necrosis of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and gait disturbance usually appear after the number of dopaminergic neurons drops by more than 50% (Lang & Obeso, 2004 ; Majali et al., 2021 ). The motor symptoms have become a serious medical issue and socioeconomic problem in many countries.…”

Disease-Modifying Effects of Vincamine Supplementation in Drosophila and Human Cell Models of Parkinson’s Disease Based on DJ-1 Deficiency

“…Current options to treat PD are limited and are mainly based on restoration of dopamine levels in the striatum . These approaches represent the standard treatment for motor symptoms, but they are not able to halt or delay the progression of the disease. , PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting 1–2% of people over the age of 65, a percentage expected to increase in the near future. , In fact, PD is currently the fastest growing neurological disorder in the world . Therefore, there is an urgent unmet medical need for the identification and development of novel and effective therapies to treat this disease.…”

Disease-modifying effects of Vincamine supplementation inDrosophilaand human cell models of Parkinson’s disease

“…Current options to treat PD are limited, and are mainly based on restoration of dopamine levels in the striatum (Majali et al, 2021). These approaches represent the standard treatment for motor symptoms, but they are not able to halt or delay the progression of the disease (Gouda et al, 2022; Majali et al, 2021).…”

“…Current options to treat PD are limited, and are mainly based on restoration of dopamine levels in the striatum (Majali et al, 2021). These approaches represent the standard treatment for motor symptoms, but they are not able to halt or delay the progression of the disease (Gouda et al, 2022; Majali et al, 2021). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting 1-2% of people over the age of 65, a percentage expected to increase in the near future (Gouda et al, 2022; Mahmood et al, 2021).…”