Emerging Role of Mast Cells and Macrophages in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Abstract

Mast cells are essential in allergic immune responses. Recent discoveries have revealed their direct participation in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Although more sophisticated mechanisms are still unknown, data from animal studies suggest that mast cells act similarly to macrophages and other inflammatory cells and contribute to human diseases through cell-cell interactions and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases to induce inflammatory cell recruitment, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and matrix protein remodeling. Reduced cardiovascular complications and improved metabolic symptoms in animals receiving over-the-counter antiallergy medications that stabilize mast cells open another era of mast cell biology and bring new hope to human patients suffering from these conditions.

Mast cell specific immunological biomarkers and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older Chinese adults

“…The mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) of continuous and normal distributional variables and median and interquartile range of conof MCs in diet-induced obesity and diabetes, MCs inhibitory medications used in obesity and diabetes in experimental models offer hope to patients with these common chronic inflammatory diseases [19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

“…Some studies have suggested that MCs participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders, MCs dysfunction has been viewed as the main offenders in some chronic inflammatory disorders, but the exact mechanisms of MCs in the pathogenesis of these diseases are not fully understood [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Participating of MCs in inflammatory diseases can be activated by non-allergic triggers, such as cytokines, often having synergistic effects among them [20].…”

“…MCs exert their physiological and pathological activities by releasing granules containing proteases including MCs specific chymase and tryptase [17,18]. Recent studies have revealed that chymase and tryptase directly participated in insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders, although the mechanisms are not fully understood [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Data from animal models proved the direct participation approved by the Huzhou City Ethics Committee and all subjects gave written, informed consent prior to participating in the study.…”

Luteolin reduces obesity-associated insulin resistance in mice by activating AMPKα1 signalling in adipose tissue macrophages

“…Various immune [5]. In the immune cells, macrophage infiltration and polarisation primarily contribute to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance [7,8]. Furthermore, other immune cells can affect adipose tissue inflammation by regulating macrophage polarisation [5,34].…”

“…Of all the immune cells, adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) have been paid a great deal of attention and are regarded as critical to the development of obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance [7,8]. Epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) has been reported to be the most commonly used visceral fat depot in mouse studies, and its macrophage infiltration is most severe during the development of DIO [9].…”