Emerging role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in oral and craniomaxillofacial tissue regenerative medicine

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with differentiation potential and paracrine properties, drawing significant attention in the field of regenerative medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), mainly including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies (ABs), are predominantly endosomal in origin and contain bioactive molecules, such as miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins, which are transferred from their original cells to target cells. Recently it has emerged that MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) combine the advantages of MSCs and EVs, which may be used as a promising MSC-based therapy in tissue repair and regeneration. Oral and craniomaxillofacial diseases are clinically complications containing the soft and hard tissues in craniofacial and dental arches. These diseases are often induced by various factors, such as chemical, microbiological, physical factors, and systemic disorders. For decades, tissue repair and regeneration in oral and craniomaxillofacial regions provide substantial improvements in the prevention and treatment of some severe diseases. In this review we discuss MSC-EVs and their therapeutic potential in oral and craniomaxillofacial tissue regenerative medicine.

Preclinical Evidence for the Use of Oral Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Regenerative Therapy: A Systematic Review

“…Moreover, EVs have no potential to differentiate, making them more controllable and possessing higher biosecurity. 9 , 42 The findings of this systematic review conclude that EVs derived from various populations of intraoral mesenchymal cells have the ability to improve the osteogenic repair response in maxillary bone or periodontal defects through the following mechanisms:…”

Understanding molecular characteristics of extracellular vesicles derived from different types of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic translation

“… 102 As expected, MSC-EVs, present not only EV-specific markers like CD81, CD9, CD63 and CD107 but also present the previously described MSC-specific markers like CD73, CD44 and CD90 103 104 . This confers EVs’ wide therapeutic applications including but not limited to anti-senescence, 105 wound-healing, 106 various tissue regeneration, 107 – 109 and novel cancer therapies 110 etc. These markers, however, are present at varying abundances, with CD44 being the most prevalent, followed by CD90 and CD73 respectively.…”