Emerging role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosome in neurodegeneration-associated conditions: a groundbreaking cell-free approach

Abstract

Accumulating proofs signify that pleiotropic effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are not allied to their differentiation competencies but rather are mediated mainly by the releases of soluble paracrine mediators, making them a reasonable therapeutic option to enable damaged tissue repair. Due to their unique immunomodulatory and regenerative attributes, the MSC-derived exosomes hold great potential to treat neurodegeneration-associated neurological diseases. Exosome treatment circumvents drawbacks regarding the direct administration of MSCs, such as tumor formation or reduced infiltration and migration to brain tissue. Noteworthy, MSCs-derived exosomes can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and then efficiently deliver their cargo (e.g., protein, miRNAs, lipid, and mRNA) to damaged brain tissue. These biomolecules influence various biological processes (e.g., survival, proliferation, migration, etc.) in neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Various studies have shown that the systemic or local administration of MSCs-derived exosome could lead to the favored outcome in animals with neurodegeneration-associated disease mainly by supporting BBB integrity, eliciting pro-angiogenic effects, attenuating neuroinflammation, and promoting neurogenesis in vivo. In the present review, we will deliver an overview of the therapeutic benefits of MSCs-derived exosome therapy to ameliorate the pathological symptoms of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Also, the underlying mechanism behind these favored effects has been elucidated.

Exosome‐based cancer stem cell communication: Implication for detecting and eliminating cancer stem cells

“…Moreover, CD90 + CSC‐like liver cells‐derived CDEs contain lncRNA H19 which enhances the expression of VEGF 51,52 . Similarly CDEs‐isolated from OCSCs also facilitated bone marrow MSC migration and enhanced their secretion of VEGF‐A, IL‐6, and IL‐8 53 . CSC‐shed CDEs also interact with stromal cells in TME to promote tumor phenotype.…”

“…51,52 Similarly CDEs-isolated from OCSCs also facilitated bone marrow MSC migration and enhanced their secretion of VEGF-A, IL-6, and IL-8. 53 CSC-shed CDEs also interact with stromal cells in TME to promote tumor phenotype. Hypoxia-induced secretion of STAT3 protein by OCSCs promotes protumorigenic microenvironment formation and enhances metastasis.…”

Exosomes based advancements for application in medical aesthetics

“…At present, exosomes are mainly used for medical aesthetics research through topical application and local injection ( Yari et al, 2022 ). Topical application ( Li L. et al, 2020 ) can be directly applied locally to the skin or by means of microneedles ( Zhang K. et al, 2020 ) or transdermal drug delivery ( Shang et al, 2022 ) to increase the transdermal effect of exosomes.…”

Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Responses against Antigen-Specific Presentation

“…Exosomes are endosomal membrane-derived vesicles, approximately 50–150 nm in size, formed during endocytosis and secreted by almost all types of cells, and are present in large numbers in body fluids such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, and saliva. Their main constituents are lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), and DNA derived from secretory cells transferred to other cells [ 12 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ,…”

“…Their main constituents are lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), and DNA derived from secretory cells transferred to other cells [ 12 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , ...…”