Emerging role of vaccines in glioblastoma treatment

Abstract

One of the most devastating brain tumors is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the current treatments offered. They were unable to eliminate all the cancerous cells since doing so might have harmed other healthy, functional cells. Vaccines used for therapeutic applications are examples of immunotherapy. This review discusses TRAIL mRNA vaccines, DC-mRNA vaccines, and VLP vaccinations. Regarding the process of VLP, tumor antigens on the surface are first endocytosed by dendritic cells, where they are then presented with MHC-I and MHC-II, activating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively. Malignant cells are eliminated when CD8+ T cells are developed into cytotoxic T cells and are responding to cells. To activate more cytotoxic T cells and produce antibodies, which are humoral responses, CD4+ T cells differentiate into Helper T cells and release cytokines. Also displayed is the pre-clinical examination of thymidine kinase genes carried by virus-like particles. The effectiveness of tumor cell death led by the genes carried by VLPs strengthened with the results on U87-MG cells and nude mice tests, and the tumor size was significantly reduced.