Emerging Roles of Perivascular Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Synovial Joint Inflammation

Perivascular Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, an Immune Privileged Niche for Viruses?

“…Among the classical markers of MSCs, we aforementioned CD90 (or Thy-1), CD105 (or endoglin, TGF beta receptor), and CD73 (or ecto-5′-nucleotidase) [ 8 , 37 , 38 , 41 ]. Other markers have been described for MSC such as CD140b (or PDGFR beta), CD271 (or low-affinity NGFR) [ 8 , 42 , 43 ], CD146 (MUC18), and CD248 (or endosialin/tumor endothelium marker 1) [ 7 , 9 , 22 ]. However, these markers are not specific to MSCs and can be found on other cell types.…”

“…Some culture conditions can promote smooth muscle and striated muscle gene expression, whereas others promote cardiac or liver gene expression [ 48 ]. Finally, glial/neuronal differentiation potential has also been reported [ 40 , 41 ] and which may be due to the NC origin of specific subsets of MSC [ 7 , 11 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 ].…”

“…MSCs can be isolated from a wide variety of organs, including bone, lung, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, placenta, brain, liver, kidney, and synovial joints [ 5 , 6 ]. Their identification is facilitated by the use of selective cell markers (e.g., CD90/Thy1, CD140b/PDGFR, CD146/Muc18, CD271/Low affinity NGFR, or CD248/Endosialin/Tumor endothelium marker 1) [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] and the lack of expression of canonical hematopoietic cell markers such as CD3, CD19, and CD14 for T, B and monocytes, respectively [ 4 , 10 ]. MSC can be derived from mesoderm and also from neural crest (NC) embryonic tissues, and this may explain their capacity to express neuroglial/Schwann cell markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin P zero (MPZ) in vitro and in situ [ 4 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Pathophysiology of Sepsis and Genesis of Septic Shock: The Critical Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

“…pMSCs are able to differentiate into collagen high -producing myofibroblasts contributing to kidney or liver fibrosis and express canonical glial markers as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin P zero protein (P0), surface markers of astrocytes and Schwann cells respectively. This particular population, expressing glial markers and derived from NC was consecrated as glial MSC (gMSC) [ 78 ]. pMSCs are found around the vessels of different organs.…”

“…As aforementioned, an MSC is characterized by its origin, its multipotent stem cell capacity, and its ability to differentiate notably into lipo- or myo-fibroblasts. MSCs might also be identified by the summation of expressed selective surface markers such as CD29 (integrin β1), CD44 (hyaluronic acid receptor), CD71 (transferrin receptor), CD73 (ecto-5′-nucleotidase), CD90 (GPI-anchored THY1), CD105 (TGF-ß R or endoglin), CD140 (PDGFR), CD146 (MUC18/melanoma cell adhesion molecule), CD271 (low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor and also known as p75 neurotrophin receptor), CD248 (endosialin, tumor endothelial marker 1), nestin (type IV intermediate filament of the NC), NG2 (Chondroitin sulfate), GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein of astrocytes), desmin (type III intermediate filament), and ganglioside GD2 [ 66 , 78 ]. The relative amount of each of these surface molecules varies with the MSC tissue localization and state of activation.…”