Emerging technologies for advancing microalgal photosynthesis and metabolism toward sustainable production

Abstract

Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms that play a vital role in primary production and have diverse applications in various industries. They have high photosynthetic and metabolic capacities and can produce a variety of valuable metabolites, such as lipids, carbohydrates, pigments, and proteins. However, practical applications of microalgae are limited to high-value products due to the high production costs. Algal biotechnology faces challenges such as low energy utilization efficiency and product yield that are currently inadequate to fulfill commercial production. To overcome these challenges, emerging technologies have shown promise to achieve higher production efficiency, including molecular manipulation of photosynthetic efficiency and metabolic activities. Here, we provided an overview of the importance, diversity, and photosynthesis of microalgae, as well as strategies for enhancing their photosynthetic efficiency. We discussed various approaches for improving microalgal photosynthesis, including strain selection and optimization, rational genetic modification, and innovative technologies such as spectral recomposition of light, nanomaterials, advanced cultivation systems, and symbiotic systems. Additionally, we summarized metabolic engineering strategies that focus on optimizing the synthesis of value-added metabolites, such as pigments, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, starch, proteins, and hydrogen in microalgae. By concentrating on improving photosynthetic efficiency and the synthesis of bioactive metabolites, this review provided valuable insights into enhancing microalgae production yields. Overcoming limitations in microalgae production costs can lead to broader applications in various industries. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of these strategies in increasing the efficiency of microalgae as a sustainable source for high-value products.

Harnessing photosynthetic microorganisms for enhanced bioremediation of microplastics: A comprehensive review

“…Photosynthesis is a biological process that utilises light energy to convert inorganic carbon into organic matter: photoautotrophic microorganisms generally have high photosynthetic and metabolic capacities and can produce a variety of valuable metabolites, such as lipids, carbohydrates, pigments, and proteins [ [181] , [182] , [183] ]. By exploiting the coupling with the energy obtained using available light via photosynthesis, the capability to fix CO 2 , and the ability of selected enzymes to produce desired molecules, microalgae and cyanobacteria may prove to be more advantageous and sustainable as hosts for the photobiocatalytic reactions by removing the need for the external addition of co-factors.…”

Editorial: Emerging trends in genetic engineering of microalgae

“…It would be highly constructive to address this challenge with the modern genetic engineering tools available for microalgae. One perspective is to engineer the light-harvesting systems of microalgae for more efficient light utilization ( Hu et al, 2023 ). For industrial autotrophic cultivation of microalgae, light is still the limiting factor of production, and enhancing light utilization efficiency means higher photosynthetic rates and overall productivity in the same production facility.…”