Emerging threats and vaccination strategies of H9N2 viruses in poultry in Indonesia: A review

Abstract

Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 was first documented in Indonesia in 2017. It has become prevalent in chickens in many provinces of Indonesia as a result of reassortment in live bird markets. Low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 virus-infected poultry provides a new direction for the influenza virus. According to the latest research, the Indonesian H9N2 viruses may have developed through antigenic drift into a new genotype, posing a significant hazard to poultry and public health. The latest proof of interspecies transmission proposes that the next human pandemic variant will be the avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Manipulation and elimination of H9N2 viruses in Indonesia, constant surveillance of viral mutation, and vaccine updates are required to achieve effectiveness. The current review examines should be investigates/assesses/report on the development and evolution of newly identified H9N2 viruses in Indonesia and their vaccination strategy.

Analyzing Molecular Traits of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from a Same Poultry Farm in West Java Province, Indonesia, in 2017 and 2023

“…Although massive chicken vaccination has been beneficial in suppressing H9N2, it may have also contributed to the virus's evolutionary alterations. 36 As a result, it is critical to track the evolution of circulating H9N2 strains and assess their potential dangers to veterinary medicine and public health. We discovered numerous mutations that could have been impacted by vaccination in this study.…”

Avian influenza (H5N1) virus, epidemiology and its effects on backyard poultry in Indonesia: a review

“…Initial surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Indonesia found a significantly higher prevalence of HPAI H5N1 at live bird markets (LBMs) than in poultry-producing areas, implying that the HPAI virus must move widely during the trade process. 47 , 48 Moreover, the value chain of backyard poultry (e.g., Kampung or indigenous chickens) and commercial poultry (e.g., broilers and layers) marketed in Indonesian urban live bird markets (LBMs) differs significantly. Backyard poultry is typically bought by middle-class or small-scale poultry dealers who go by motorbike to several villages to trade with farmers or purchase birds from small village markets (Food and Agriculture Organization, unpublished data).…”

SEROPREVALENCE OF H5, H7, and H9 INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN BROILERS PREVAILING IN DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

“…Pigs act as a intermediate host that were found to transmit the virus to others. In certain Southeast Asian countries, a native waterfowl was found to harbor H5N1 avian influenza virus for many years [6][7][8][9][10] . The H9N2 virus has garnered significant attention due to its swift dissemination among indigenous avian species.…”