“…Fyfe, McNeil, and Rittle-Johnson, (2015) found that using abstract terms like "abab" is more helpful to children than concrete terms like "big little big little", and Rittle-Johnson, Saylor, and Swygert (2008) reported that instruction was most helpful if the children explained their reasoning to another person. In two experiments (Rittle-Johnson et al, 2013;Miller et al, 2015), brief instruction had only small effects on the children's performances. There was a significant effect on abstracting the pattern unit when Rittle-Johnson, offered two days of instruction, but not on duplicating or extending patterns.…”