Emetic and electric shock alcohol aversion therapy: Six- and twelve-month follow-up.

Cannon, Dale S.; Baker, Timothy B.; Wehl, Chris K.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.3.360

Cited by 59 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Aversion therapies have been used to attenuate relapse of persistent unwanted memories such as cue-induced drug craving (Cannon et al, 1981;Frawley and Smith, 1990). In this therapeutic approach, a cue, previously associated with the reinforcing effects of a drug, is re-associated (counterconditioned) with an aversive outcome, such as a mild electrical shock or induction of nausea (Cannon et al, 1981;Frawley and Smith, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this therapeutic approach, a cue, previously associated with the reinforcing effects of a drug, is re-associated (counterconditioned) with an aversive outcome, such as a mild electrical shock or induction of nausea (Cannon et al, 1981;Frawley and Smith, 1990). Aversive counterconditioning was shown to be more potent than extinction in suppressing relapse in animal models and humans (Van Gucht et al, 2010;Tunstall et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Counterconditioning During Reconsolidation Prevents Relapse of Cocaine Memories

Goltseker¹,

Bolotin²,

Barak

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Relapse to drug abuse is often caused by exposure to drug-associated cues that evoke craving. Therefore, disruption of the cue-drug memory can prevent relapse. Memories destabilize and become temporarily labile upon their retrieval, and re-stabilize in a process termed reconsolidation. Pharmacological disruption of reconsolidation prevents relapse in animal models, yet may evoke side effects. Therefore, behavioral procedures capable of preventing cue-induced craving and relapse are extremely valuable. Aversion therapies, in which drugpaired cues are re-associated (counterconditioned) with aversive consequences, have limited success, because the previous cue-drug memory may recover, triggering relapse. Here, we prevented the memory recovery and relapse to cocaine seeking by applying aversive counterconditioning during memory reconsolidation. Mice were trained to seek cocaine in a conditioned place preference procedure. The cocaine-associated compartment was then counterconditioned with lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced malaise, preceded by a brief exposure to the compartment (memory retrieval). Relapse was assessed in a reinstatement test. We found that aversive counterconditioning conducted shortly after memory retrieval (during reconsolidation) induced a long-lasting prevention of relapse to cocaine seeking. However, mice relapsed when counterconditioned without, before, or long after memory retrieval, or when receiving LiCl without place counterconditioning. Our findings suggest that post-retrieval aversive counterconditioning leads to relapse prevention, possibly by replacing the cue-drug with a cue-aversion memory, thereby the cue ceases to evoke craving. Moreover, we found that a similar memory replacement procedure prevented relapse of conditioned place aversion. Hence, this novel procedure can also prevent relapse of aversive memories, providing a safe approach to alter various maladaptive behaviors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterconditioning During Reconsolidation Prevents Relapse of Cocaine Memories

Goltseker¹,

Bolotin²,

Barak

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…This pilot study was done as a within-subjects assessment, confounding the number of deprivations with duration of drinking, so the current study examined drinking duration effects in different mice. Additionally, a CTA paradigm involving the pairing of lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced gastric malaise with a flavorant would be an effective supplement to the previously-mentioned quinine aversion work because emetic aversion therapy has proven to be unsuccessful in chronic alcoholics (Hopf et al, 2010; Lesscher et al, 2010; Cannon et al, 1981). Although addition of a conditioned aversive flavorant should suppress alcohol intake in cHAP mice, a history of chronic drinking may attenuate the magnitude of this effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Alcohol Drinking Reduces the Efficacy of Forced Abstinence and Conditioned Taste Aversion in Crossed High-Alcohol-Preferring Mice

O’Tousa

Grahame

2016

Alcohol Clin Exp Res

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Background Negative outcomes of alcoholism are progressively more severe as the duration of problem alcohol use increases. Additionally, alcoholics demonstrate tendencies to neglect negative consequences associated with drinking and/or to choose to drink in the immediate presence of warning factors against drinking. The recently derived crossed High-Alcohol Preferring (cHAP) mice, which volitionally drink to heavier intoxication (as assessed by BEC) than other alcohol-preferring populations, as well as spontaneously escalating their intake, may be a candidate to explore mechanisms underlying long-term excessive drinking. Here we hypothesized that an extended drinking history would reduce the ability of two manipulations (forced abstinence and conditioned taste aversion) to attenuate drinking. Methods Experiment 1 examined differences between groups drinking for either 14 or 35 days, half of each subjected to 7 days of forced abstinence and half not, to characterize potential changes in post-abstinence drinking resulting from an extended drinking history. Experiment 2 used a conditioned taste aversion procedure to assess stimulus specificity of the ability of an aversive flavorant to decrease alcohol consumption. Experiment 3 used this taste aversion procedure to assess differences among groups drinking for 1, 14, or 35 days in their propensity to overcome this aversion when the flavorant was mixed with either ethanol or water. Results Experiment 1 demonstrated that although forced abstinence decreased alcohol consumption in mice with a 14-day drinking history, it failed to do so in mice drinking alcohol for 35 days. Experiment 2 showed that the addition of a flavorant only suppressed alcohol drinking if an aversion to the flavorant was previously established. Experiment 3 demonstrated that an extended drinking history expedited extinction of suppressed alcohol intake caused by a conditioned aversive flavor. Conclusions These data show that a history of long-term drinking in cHAP mice attenuates the efficacy of interventions that normally reduce drinking. Analogous to alcoholics who may encounter difficulties in limiting their intake, cHAP mice with long drinking histories are relatively insensitive both to abstinence and signals of harmful consequences. We propose that the cHAP line may be a valid model for adaptations that occur following extended heavy alcohol drinking.

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“…The dependent variables included abstinence for 3, 6, and 12 months, amounts of alcohol consumed, drinking patterns, reduced craving, delay of first drink after treatment, and hangover severity. One investigation (Boland, Mellon, & Revusky, 1978) used lithium carbonate as the aversive agent; three researches (Cannon & Baker, 1981;Cannon, Baker, & Wehl, 1981;Jackson & Smith, 1978) used emetine; two involved the use of scoline (Laverty, 1966;Madill, Campbell, Laverty, Sanderson, & Vandewater, 1966).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%