Emission Assessment of Electricity: Mix vs. Marginal Power Plant Method

Regett, Anika; Baing, Felix

doi:10.1109/eem.2018.8469940

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Building on the mix approach, the so-called displacement mix approach [61] incorporates marginal effects by only including conventional power plants in the mix and, thereby, considering the feed-in priority of vRES. Furthermore, marginal emission factors can be derived based on the time series of electricity prices and the marginal costs of power plants as described in [9]. In the following, marginal emission factors are determined by comparing the results of the baseline scenario with a simulation run with a marginal increase in load.…”

Section: Marginal Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [9] it is shown that the marginal and mix method can serve as indicators to identify characteristic hours of an energy system, e.g., hours with a large share of vRES or hours with vRES excess. In [9] also an alternative calculation of marginal emission factors according to the marginal power plant method is described, which obtained values that were more comprehensible than in the approach presented here, especially in the minimum and maximum range. A central shortcoming of the marginal approach described above becomes apparent: It compares two different energy systems which, based on their load, are optimized to meet this varying demand.…”

Section: Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The existing methods differ with regard to the input data and the models used (empirical data and statistical relationship models vs. power system optimization models), the time horizon (historical vs. future), the temporal resolution (from less than one hour to one year), the consideration of imports and exports as well as the regional differentiation. Whereas in several analyses, e.g., [8,9], methods are presented to determine hourly average and marginal emission factors of electricity based on power system optimization models, the work on integrating these methods into the modeling of MES is limited. Considering the increasing integration of various energy carriers in future MES, these methods need to be expanded from electricity and district heating to other energy carriers such as methane and hydrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hourly CO2 Emission Factors and Marginal Costs of Energy Carriers in Future Multi-Energy Systems

Böing

Regett

2019

Energies

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Hourly emission factors and marginal costs of energy carriers are determined to enable a simplified assessment of decarbonization measures in energy systems. Since the sectors and energy carriers are increasingly coupled in the context of the energy transition, the complexity of balancing emissions increases. Methods of calculating emission factors and marginal energy carrier costs in a multi-energy carrier model were presented and applied. The model used and the input data from a trend scenario for Germany up to the year 2050 were described for this purpose. A linear optimization model representing electricity, district heating, hydrogen, and methane was used. All relevant constraints and modeling assumptions were documented. In this context, an emissions accounting method has been proposed, which allows for determining time-resolved emission factors for different energy carriers in multi-energy systems (MES) while considering the linkages between energy carriers. The results showed that the emissions accounting method had a strong influence on the level and the hourly profile of the emission factors. The comparison of marginal costs and emission factors provided insights into decarbonization potentials. This holds true in particular for the electrification of district heating since a strong correlation between low marginal costs and times with renewable excess was observed. The market values of renewables were determined as an illustrative application of the resulting time series of costs. The time series of marginal costs as well as the time series of emission factors are made freely available for further use.

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Section: Marginal Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hourly CO2 Emission Factors and Marginal Costs of Energy Carriers in Future Multi-Energy Systems

Böing

Regett

2019

Energies

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“…In general, there are now two different quantities that are used in the literature to value energy flows based on grid zones: The average electricity mix and the marginal power plant [79,80]. The average mix describes, as the name suggests, the average composition of an energy unit in the grid zone under investigation.…”

Section: Valuation Of Co 2 Emissions For Import and Export Of Electrimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Which of these valuation methods is actually used depends strongly on the question to be investigated, and there is no silver bullet [79]. Most frequently, e.g., in Reference [67,89,90], the mean emission is used for import and export, but in contrast to what is postulated here, it is often used as an annual mean value.…”

Section: Valuation Of Co 2 Emissions For Import and Export Of Electrimentioning

confidence: 99%

District Energy Systems: Challenges and New Tools for Planning and Evaluation

Wehkamp

Schmeling²,

Vorspel

et al. 2020

Energies

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The change from a centralized to a decentralized energy supply creates new challenges in the planning of such energy supply concepts. Specialized planning tools that can cope with the complex requirements and multi-layered boundary conditions of local energy use are therefore needed. Existing methods need to be further developed and optimized to suit the complex stakeholder structures encountered in innovative district projects, as well as for research purposes. This paper presents selected aspects and challenges in the development of an application-oriented planning tool. Using a North German district as a case study, the usability of a Building Information Model as an aggregated data platform is tested in the context of a residential energy district planning process. In addition, the modeling of heating grids using a combination of Geographic Information System and open source thermodynamic tools is presented. Economic valuation methods are examined to determine the extent to which the value of flexibility and access to local flexibility markets can be taken into account. Finally, an approach for evaluating the ecological aspects of the district energy supply is presented, based on the dynamic assessment of imported and exported energy quantities.

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Principles for accurate GHG inventories and options for market-based accounting

Brander,

Bjørn

2023

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Market-based GHG accounting allows companies to report their emissions based on the purchase of emission attributes. This practice is widespread for reporting ‘scope 2’ electricity emissions and has recently been proposed for both ‘scope 1’ (direct) and ‘scope 3’ (other value chain) emission sources. However, the market-based method has been criticised for undermining the accuracy of GHG disclosures, and it is therefore highly important to explore the requirements for accurate GHG inventories and the solutions to market-based accounting. Methods This paper uses two methods: firstly, thought experiments are used to identify principles for accurate corporate GHG inventories and, secondly, formal prescriptions are developed for possible solutions to market-based accounting. Results and discussion The findings identify six principles for accurate corporate GHG inventories, which are then used to inform the development of two possible solutions. The first solution is to report changes in emissions caused by company actions separately from the GHG inventory, including any changes caused by the purchase of emission attribute certificates. The second solution proposes a causality requirement for the use of emission attributes in GHG inventories. Although the analysis focuses on corporate or organisational GHG inventories, the principles and solutions apply equally to attributional product carbon footprinting and life cycle assessment more broadly. Conclusions We emphasise that inventories are only one form of accounting method, and their accuracy should not be undermined by attempting to fulfil functions that are best served by other methods.

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Emission Assessment of Electricity: Mix vs. Marginal Power Plant Method

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Hourly CO2 Emission Factors and Marginal Costs of Energy Carriers in Future Multi-Energy Systems

Hourly CO2 Emission Factors and Marginal Costs of Energy Carriers in Future Multi-Energy Systems

District Energy Systems: Challenges and New Tools for Planning and Evaluation

Principles for accurate GHG inventories and options for market-based accounting

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