Emission characteristics of two-dimensional organic photonic crystal lasers fabricated by replica molding

Meier, Markus; Dodabalapur, Ananth; Rogers, John A.; Slusher, R. E.; Mekis, Attila; Timko, Allen G.; Murray, Connor; Ruel, R.; Nalamasu, O.

doi:10.1063/1.371248

Cited by 70 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…12 More generally, lasing is assisted by distributed feedback (DFB) in photonic crystals in all directions. For instance, low-threshold laser action at photonic stop gaps as a result of DFB gain enhancement was demonstrated for one-dimensional 13,14 (1-D) and two-dimensional [15][16][17][18][19] (2-D) DFB structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiclassical theory of lasing in photonic crystals

2002

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We present a theoretical analysis of laser action within the bands of propagating modes of a photonic crystal. Using Bloch functions as carrier waves in conjunction with a multiscale analysis, we derive the generalized Maxwell-Bloch equations for an incoherently pumped atomic system in interaction with the electromagnetic reservoir of a photonic crystal. These general Maxwell-Bloch equations are similar to the conventional semiclassical laser equations but contain effective parameters that depend on the band structure of the linear photonic crystal. Through an investigation of steady-state laser behavior, we show that, near a photonic band edge, the rate of stimulated emission may be enhanced and the internal losses are reduced, which leads to an important lowering of the laser threshold. In addition, we find an increase of the laser output along with an additional narrowing of the linewidth at a photonic band edge.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiclassical theory of lasing in photonic crystals

2002

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“…Ever since the original discovery of the properties of photonic band gap materials, there has been considerable research directed towards the development of smaller, more efficient LED's and lasers [76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] .…”

Section: Lasers and Light Emitting Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several papers have been published that discuss two-dimensional PBG defect lasers and surface-emitting lasers constructed by several different production methods [85][86][87][88][89][90] . The production techniques have ranged from photolithography and etching methods to elastomeric stamping of a sol-gel nanoparticle glass to forming an organic photonic crystal by replica molding.…”

Section: Lasers and Light Emitting Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Layered Photonic Band Gap Structures Using a Micro-Transfer Molding Technique

Jerome

2001

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“…It also allows for the easy release of the molded polymeric replicas from the PDMS mold without damage. Using soft lithography, several simple optoelectronic components have been fabricated, such as distributed feedback structures [14,15,16,17], photonic band-gap structures [18,19], microlens arrays [20], and waveguides [21,22]. Although soft lithography has been widely used to make such micro-structures and rudimentary optical components, here we evaluate the replication ability of this technique for polymeric integrated optical devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft lithography replication of polymeric microring optical resonators

Huang¹,

Paloczi²,

Scheuer³

et al. 2003

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We have developed a soft lithography method to replicate polymeric integrated optical devices. In this method, the master device and the molded replica are made of the same materials, allowing direct comparison. To evaluate the quality of the replication, microring optical resonators are chosen as test devices because of their sensitivity to small fabrication errors. The master devices are precisely fabricated using direct electron beam lithography. The replicas are produced by the molding technique and subsequent ultraviolet curing. Compared with the master devices, the molded devices show minimal change in both physical shape and optical performance. This correspondence indicates the merits of soft lithographic methods for fabrication of precision integrated optical devices. 1823-1848 (1999). 13. S. R. Quake, and A. Scherer, "From micro-to nanofabrication with soft materials," Science 290, 1536-1540 (2000). 14. J. A. Rogers, M. Meier, and A. Dodabalapur, "Using printing and molding techniques to produce distributed feedback and Bragg reflector resonatiors for plastic lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1766Lett. 73, -1768Lett. 73, (1998 Nalamasu, "Emission characteristics of two-dimensional organic photonic crystal lasers fabricated by replica molding," J. Appl. Phys. 86, 3502-3507 (1999). 20. M. V. Kunnavakkam, F. M. Houlihan, M. Schlax, J. A. Liddle, P. Kolodner, O. Nalamasu, and J. A. Rogers, "Low-cost, low-loss microlens arrays fabricated by soft-lithography replication process," Appl.

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Emission characteristics of two-dimensional organic photonic crystal lasers fabricated by replica molding

Cited by 70 publications

References 16 publications

Semiclassical theory of lasing in photonic crystals

Semiclassical theory of lasing in photonic crystals

The Development of Layered Photonic Band Gap Structures Using a Micro-Transfer Molding Technique

Soft lithography replication of polymeric microring optical resonators

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