Emission factors of wood and charcoal-fired cookstoves

Bhattacharya, S.C.; Albina, Dionel O.; Salam, P. Abdul

doi:10.1016/s0961-9534(02)00072-7

Cited by 170 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…3;2015 found near major traffic roads in Freetown, Sierra Leone and Lagos, Nigeria (Olajire et al, 2011;Taylor & Nakai, 2012b). Generally, the study revealed that kitchens using charcoal as the primary fuel had higher mean CO concentrations than those using wood; and similar observation was made in previous studies (Bhattacharya et al, 2002;Taylor & Nakai, 2012a;Zhang et al, 1999). The variability in mean CO concentrations was more apparent in kitchens using charcoal than wood by 48% for 15 mins; 19% for 30 mins; 25% for 1 hr and 75% for 8 hrs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…It continues to be an integral component for epidemiologists and public health officials given that people spend greater portion of their time in an indoor environment. It is well established that IAP from burning biomass fuel (wood, charcoal, crop residue, animal dung etc) in traditional unvented cook stoves release a host of indoor air pollutants including carbon monoxide (Bhattacharya et al, 2002;Taylor & Nakai, 2012a). Elevated exposures to these air pollutants are commonly found in the kitchen environments where little dispersion of air often takes place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diurnal Concentrations and Variation of Carbon Monoxide in Indoor and Outdoor Air of Residential Homes in Western Sierra Leone

Taylor

Wirmvem

Sawyerr³

et al. 2015

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It is widely known that more than half of the world's population use biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, dung) as household energy source, and hence, face significant and diverse range of toxic pollutants. In Sierra Leone, more than 90% of the population relies on biomass fuels. We carried out daytime measurements and observe variation of carbon monoxide (CO) in kitchen and outdoor locations in households that burn wood and charcoal fuels in Western Sierra Leone, during a survey that was conducted in September, 2011. Maximum time average 15 mins, 30 mins, 1 hr and 8 hrs concentrations in indoor and outdoor locations were computed. Mean concentrations decreased in the order, 15 mins to 30 mins to 1 hr and 8 hrs, in the two locations for households that burn wood and charcoal. About 87% and 67% of 8 hrs CO concentrations in kitchens with charcoal and wood stoves were in excess of world health organization (WHO) guideline. Approximately 66% and 63% of 1 hr CO concentrations were not different in the same environments. None of the corresponding outdoor locations had values that are said to be critical to human health. Evidence of greater variation in the maximum time average mean CO concentrations in kitchens with charcoal stoves relative to those using wood was observed. Behavioral patterns in homes burning charcoal coupled with the burning conditions were ascribed to the observed variation. The proportion of the short time and acute CO concentrations in kitchens is a cause for concern for humans from the stand point of improved human health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal Concentrations and Variation of Carbon Monoxide in Indoor and Outdoor Air of Residential Homes in Western Sierra Leone

Taylor

Wirmvem

Sawyerr³

et al. 2015

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“…Assuming that CO is overwhelmingly from vehicle emissions and no CO is emitted from cooking sources, then CIOA would be 50% from cooking sources on average with the remainder from vehicle emissions (i.e., the additional cooking organic aerosol mass would double the mass concentration versus CO slope relative to HOA). This percentage is a lower limit because some CO could be coemitted with cooking organic aerosol, for instance, from burning of charcoal [Bhattacharya et al, 2002], and that would raise the percentage of CIOA from cooking above 50%. This approach is a simplistic approximation, but the lower limit appears to be reasonable given that the diurnal cycles and spectral characteristics of CIOA are consistent with previous studies.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Primary Organic Aerosol Emission Ratios With Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Organic aerosol composition and sources in Pasadena, California, during the 2010 CalNex campaign

et al. 2013

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Organic aerosols (OA) in Pasadena are characterized using multiple measurements from the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) campaign. Five OA components are identified using positive matrix factorization including hydrocarbon‐like OA (HOA) and two types of oxygenated OA (OOA). The Pasadena OA elemental composition when plotted as H : C versus O : C follows a line less steep than that observed for Riverside, CA. The OOA components from both locations follow a common line, however, indicating similar secondary organic aerosol (SOA) oxidation chemistry at the two sites such as fragmentation reactions leading to acid formation. In addition to the similar evolution of elemental composition, the dependence of SOA concentration on photochemical age displays quantitatively the same trends across several North American urban sites. First, the OA/ΔCO values for Pasadena increase with photochemical age exhibiting a slope identical to or slightly higher than those for Mexico City and the northeastern United States. Second, the ratios of OOA to odd‐oxygen (a photochemical oxidation marker) for Pasadena, Mexico City, and Riverside are similar, suggesting a proportional relationship between SOA and odd‐oxygen formation rates. Weekly cycles of the OA components are examined as well. HOA exhibits lower concentrations on Sundays versus weekdays, and the decrease in HOA matches that predicted for primary vehicle emissions using fuel sales data, traffic counts, and vehicle emission ratios. OOA does not display a weekly cycle—after accounting for differences in photochemical aging —which suggests the dominance of gasoline emissions in SOA formation under the assumption that most urban SOA precursors are from motor vehicles.

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“…The burn rate can be regarded as comparable to fire-power (Bhattacharya et al, 2002). The instantaneous power output of the stove is defined as the mass loss rate multiplied by the lower heating value of the coal, assuming complete combustion (i.e.…”

Section: Efficiency Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small-scale coal combustion stoves and braziers are known to degrade air quality (Mathee, 2004;Scorgie et al, 2003;Engelbrecht et al, 2002) and are thermally inefficient (Masekameni et al, 2014). High prices of alternative fuels and similar corresponding technologies and their unavailability in many parts of the country make rapid transitions and shifts away from traditional fuels and devices unlikely (Bhattacharya et al, 2002). Balmer (2007) contended that the low cost of coal fuel makes it attractive for low-income households.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of coal properties on the performance of fixed-bed coal-burning braziers

Makonese

Masekameni

Annegarn

2017

J. energy South. Afr.

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Emission factors of wood and charcoal-fired cookstoves

Cited by 170 publications

References 5 publications

Diurnal Concentrations and Variation of Carbon Monoxide in Indoor and Outdoor Air of Residential Homes in Western Sierra Leone

Diurnal Concentrations and Variation of Carbon Monoxide in Indoor and Outdoor Air of Residential Homes in Western Sierra Leone

Organic aerosol composition and sources in Pasadena, California, during the 2010 CalNex campaign

Influence of coal properties on the performance of fixed-bed coal-burning braziers

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