Emission of aliphatic amines from animal husbandry and their reactions: Potential source of N2O and HCN

Schade, Gunnar W.; Crutzen, Paul J.

doi:10.1007/bf00696641

Cited by 273 publications

(292 citation statements)

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“…[36][37][38][39][40] Amongst over 150 amines that have been identified in the atmosphere, 33 trimethylamine (TMA, (CH 3 ) 3 N) is one of the most abundant. 33,40,41 Results from quantum chemical calculations show that amines are much more strongly bound to H 2 SO 4 than NH 3 , 25 and laboratory experiments have demonstrated higher efficiencies of amines in particle formation compared to NH 3 . 22,[26][27][28] In addition, amines have been shown to displace NH 3 in sulfate particles and clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water

Chen

Ezell

Arquero

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

110

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New particle formation from gas-to-particle conversion represents a dominant source of atmospheric particles and affects radiative forcing, climate and human health. The species involved in new particle formation and the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Although sulfuric acid is commonly recognized as driving new particle formation, increasing evidence suggests the involvement of other species. Here we study particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water at reaction times from 2.3 to 32 s where particles are 2-10 nm in diameter using a newly designed and tested flow system. The flow system has multiple inlets to facilitate changing the mixing sequence of gaseous precursors. The relative humidity and precursor concentrations, as well as the mixing sequence, are varied to explore their effects on particle formation and growth in order to provide insight into the important mechanistic steps. We show that water is involved in the formation of initial clusters, greatly enhancing their formation as well as growth into detectable size ranges. A kinetics box model is developed that quantitatively reproduces the experimental data under various conditions. Although the proposed scheme is not definitive, it suggests that incorporating such mechanisms into atmospheric models may be feasible in the near future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water

Chen

Ezell

Arquero

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

110

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“…Further on, we focus on MA as a surrogate for other airborne amines. The most important identified MA sources (Ge et al, 2011a) are agriculture (Schade and Crutzen, 1995;Kuhn et al, 2011;Sintermann et al, 2014), biomass burning (Lobert et al, 1990;Andreae and Merlet, 2001), and the ocean (van Neste et al, 1987;Gorzelska and Galloway, 1990;Wang and Lee, 1994;Gibb et al, 1999b;Facchini et al, 2008). Many marine algae produce MAs (Steiner and Hartmann, 1968;Smith, 1971Smith, , 1975, and even remote ocean water contains MA (and the TMA-precursor trimethylamine-N-oxide) (Gibb et al, 1999b, a;Gibb and Hatton, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such marine amines might represent an important contribution to oceanic secondary aerosol (Myriokefalitakis et al, 2010). As amines are ubiquitous in plant and animal life (Smith, 1971;Dey et al, 1997), terrestrial vegetation is thought to provide another, albeit very weak, source of amines, including MAs (Schade and Crutzen, 1995;Ge et al, 2011a). Towards the end of the 19th century until the 1970s, some authors described high MA abundances associated with tissue and the flowering of certain plant species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sintermann et al (2014) roughly estimate a condensation sink lifetime of TMA of 0.5 and 17 min for a high and lower aerosol burden, respectively, based on an uptake coefficient of 1. Using a chemistry-transport model, approximating amine emissions by scaling with those of NH 3 (the approach taken by Schade and Crutzen, 1995), including oxidation, deposition, and the condensation sink; Yu and Luo (2014) derive atmospheric MA lifetimes. With a maximal uptake coefficient of 0.03, they calculate atmospheric residence times of approximately 1 h over Europe, eastern Asia, and the eastern USA, compared to 3 to > 5 h in more remote regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, traces of TMA + PA and a C4-amine (unquantified) were detected (Sipilä et al, 2015). Schade and Crutzen (1995) estimated an average MA : NH 3 emission ratio of 0.7 % from agricultural sources, which are assumed to dominate the anthropogenic MA source; likewise, Sintermann et al (2014) measured a maximum TMA emission ratio of 1 %. By contrast, simultaneous measurements of MAs and NH 3 at a coastal-rural site, with potential marine source influence, indicated timeaveraged concentration ratios DMA : NH 3 = 1.6 to 3.5 % and TMA : NH 3 = 0.75 to 3.9 % (Freshour et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ideas and perspectives: on the emission of amines from terrestrial vegetation in the context of new atmospheric particle formation

Sintermann

Neftel

2015

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. In this article we summarise recent science which shows how airborne amines, specifically methylamines (MAs), play a key role in new atmospheric particle formation (NPF) by stabilising small molecule clusters. Agricultural emissions are assumed to constitute the most important MA source, but given the short atmospheric residence time of MAs, they can hardly have a direct impact on NPF events observed in remote regions. This leads us to the presentation of existing knowledge focussing on natural vegetationrelated MA sources. High MA contents as well as emissions by plants was already described in the 19th century. Strong MA emissions predominantly occur during flowering as part of a pollination strategy. The behaviour is species-specific, but examples of such species are common and widespread. In addition, vegetative plant tissue exhibiting high amounts of MAs might potentially lead to significant emissions. The decomposition of organic material constitutes another, potentially ubiquitous, source of airborne MAs. These mechanisms would provide sources, which could be crucial for the amine's role in NPF, especially in remote regions. Knowledge about vegetation-related amine emissions is, however, very limited, and thus it is also an open question how global change and the intensified cycling of reactive nitrogen over the last 200 years have altered amine emissions from vegetation with a corresponding effect on NPF.

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Geographical and diurnal features of amine‐enhanced boundary layer nucleation

et al. 2015

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Amines have recently been found to be an important ingredient in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric aerosols; however, global estimates of the spatial and temporal extent of amine‐enhanced nucleation are currently missing. We utilize two recently published laboratory data sets of amine‐sulfuric acid nucleation to evaluate the accuracy of previously published nucleation parameterizations and to produce a new amine‐enhanced new particle formation (NPF) parameterization that better reproduces the laboratory observations at atmospherically relevant sulfuric acid concentrations. We implement and compare the amine‐enhanced NPF parameterizations and a kinetic nucleation parameterization within the global aerosol‐climate model ECHAM‐HAMMOZ and find that the spatial features of amine‐enhanced and kinetic NPF are clearly different. Amine‐enhanced NPF is limited to areas near the source regions of amine due to its short gas phase residence time of 6.9 h, whereas kinetic nucleation (which depends only on sulfuric acid concentration) produces particles more uniformly across the globe due to long‐range transport of SO2. The notably stronger land‐sea contrast in amine‐enhanced nucleation simulations is in line with relatively rare atmospheric observations of NPF over open oceans. However, when the uptake of gas phase amine molecules to aerosol particles is limited according to previously published estimates (0.2% of collisions leading to uptake), the amine‐enhanced NPF parameterization predicts in some regions unrealistically high NPF rates (∼1000 cm−3 s−1) compared to typical observations. Our results indicate that amine‐enhanced nucleation may be an important particle formation mechanism near amine source regions but also highlights the need for more tightly defined constraints on the spatial and temporal distribution of amine emissions, gas‐to‐particle partitioning mechanisms of amines, and condensation and coagulation sinks in global models.

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Emission of aliphatic amines from animal husbandry and their reactions: Potential source of N2O and HCN

Cited by 273 publications

References 36 publications

New particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water

New particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water

Ideas and perspectives: on the emission of amines from terrestrial vegetation in the context of new atmospheric particle formation

Geographical and diurnal features of amine‐enhanced boundary layer nucleation

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