Emission of complex fragments in the reaction Ar + Au at 44 and 77 A · MeV

Sokolov, A.M.; Guerreau, D.; Charvet, J. L.; Cramer, B.; Doubre, H.; Fréhaut, J.; Galin, J.; Gatty, B.; Ingold, Gert‐Ludwig; Jacquet, D.; Jahnke, U.; Jiang, D. X.; Lott, B.; Magnago, C.; Morjean, M.; Patin, Y.; Piasecki, E.; Pouthas, J.; Schwinn, E.

doi:10.1016/0375-9474(93)90200-h

Cited by 15 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 28 publications

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“…Double isotopic ratio, T 0 r . This method (Albergo et al 1985, Machner 1985, Louvet et al 1993, Sokolov et al 1993, Sauvestre et al 1994, Coujeaud et al 1999 assumes that the emitters are in thermal and chemical equilibrium. The ratio between the yields of two isotopes (isotones) differing by one proton (neutron) depends only on the temperature and on the free proton (neutron) density.…”

Section: Temperature In Nuclear Physicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature in non-equilibrium states: a review of open problems and current proposals

2003

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The conceptual problems arising in the definition and measurement of temperature in nonequilibrium states are discussed in this paper in situations where the local-equilibrium hypothesis is no longer satisfactory. This is a necessary and urgent discussion because of the increasing interest in thermodynamic theories beyond local equilibrium, in computer simulations, in non-linear statistical mechanics, in new experiments, and in technological applications of nanoscale systems and material sciences. First, we briefly review the concept of temperature from the perspectives of equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Afterwards, we explore which of the equilibrium concepts may be extrapolated beyond local equilibrium and which of them should be modified, then we review several attempts to define temperature in non-equilibrium situations from macroscopic and microscopic bases. A wide review of proposals is offered on effective non-equilibrium temperatures and their application to ideal and real gases, electromagnetic radiation, nuclear collisions, granular systems, glasses, sheared fluids, amorphous semiconductors and turbulent fluids. The consistency between the different relativistic transformation laws for temperature is discussed in the new light gained from this perspective. A wide bibliography is provided in order to foster further research in this field.

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