Emission Oriented vs. Time Oriented Routing in the European Intermodal Rail/Road Freight Transportation Network

Modeling a Carbon-Efficient Road–Rail Intermodal Routing Problem with Soft Time Windows in a Time-Dependent and Fuzzy Environment by Chance-Constrained Programming

“…Besides the single-objective setting, many articles on deterministic intermodal routing discussed multi-objective optimization problems considering at least two goals oriented on the economy (as the primary goal), timeliness (e.g., [42,43]), risk (e.g., [44,45]), and sustainability (e.g., [46,47]), etc., and obtained the Pareto solutions to balance the objectives conflicting with each other. Modeling transportation modes is also concerned by deterministic intermodal routing studies, in which some transportation modes are modeled with fixed departure times (e.g., [48,49]), fixed service time windows (e.g., [42,50,51]), or fixed timetables/schedules covering the above parameters (e.g., [52]); meanwhile, the flexibility of some transportation modes starts to receive consideration [9]. To formulate the deterministic intermodal routing problems, researchers proposed optimization models using pure 0-1 integer programming (e.g., [53]), mixed 0-1 integer programming (e.g., [50,52]), linear programming (e.g., [17]), and nonlinear programming (e.g., [44,52]).…”

“…Let ∼ ϕ ≤ β and ∼ ϕ ≥ β represent two fuzzy events. Based on Xu and Zhou [69], the fuzzy general measures of the two events are presented as Equations ( 47) and (48).…”

Green and Reliable Freight Routing Problem in the Road-Rail Intermodal Transportation Network with Uncertain Parameters: A Fuzzy Goal Programming Approach

“…Transfer times between different transportation modes are considered as stochastic parameters by Zhao et al [3] in their relative study. As stressed by various studies, e.g., Demir et al [18], Hrušovský et al [36], Moccia et al [48], and Heinold and Meisel [52], there are some transportation modes, e.g., rail and vessel that should be operated by fixed departure times. Fixed departure times are sensitive to the real-time status of operations of associated transportation modes at terminals under disruptions claimed in Section 1 and detailly explained in Section 3. erefore, the departures of container trains from terminals are not always punctual and thus are also uncertain.…”

“…(2) Road transportation is considered time flexible [12], which means that loading containers on trucks can be immediately conducted when the containers get unloaded and unloading containers can be immediately started once the trucks arrive at the nodes. However, rail transportation, i.e., container trains, should follow fixed departure times [18,36,48,52]. at is to say, when the containers get loaded on trains, the trains should wait until the fixed departure times and then depart from the current nodes.…”