Emissions Characteristics of Soy Methyl Ester Fuels in an IDI Compression Ignition Engine

McDonald, Joseph; Purcell, Diane; McClure, B. T.; Kittelson, David B.

doi:10.4271/950400

Cited by 70 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Further, marked changes in the accumulation levels of oxidative stress markers 4-HNE, GSH, protein thiols, and carbonyls were found upon B100 CE exposures as compared to D100. This is in agreement with previous studies showing increased levels of organic and unsaturated aldehyde compounds in B100 combustion products (Graboski et al, 2003;McDonald et al, 1995;Purcell et al, 1996) and the potential of aldehydes to readily attack nucleophilic centers in protein and DNA to form carbonyl-retaining adducts (Uchida et al, 1998a(Uchida et al, , 1998bBurcham and Fontaine, 2001). It is possible that the oxidative stress pathways elicited by B100 might be influenced by several factors, including but not limited to direct interaction of unsaturated aldehyde organic compounds released upon combustion, such as acrolein, 4-HNE, and others, reactive electrophiles, modified lipids/proteins, DNA adducts, and depletion/inactivation of antioxidants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Author Manuscript Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data indicate that the composition and concentration of the emissions depend on several factors, including operating conditions, type of engine, fuel composition, and additives used (Obert, 1973;Ullman, 1989), which in turn influence the amount of exposure in different occupations (Groves and Cain, 2000;Pronk et al, 2009). In general, the BD and its blends were found to reduce emissions of nonvolatile fractions (Boehman et al, 2005;McCormick, 2005; Bugarski et al, 2006) and to elevate particle-bound semivolatile organic fractions of BD exhaust particles (McDonald et al, 1995;McCormick, 2005;Purcell et al, 1996).The speculative nature of reductions of adverse health effects produced by BD exposure is based primarily on the differences in chemical composition of BD and D combustion exhaust (Jung et al, 2006;Tsolakis 2006). The semivolatile derivatives from BD emission products were found to have higher toxicity than solid PM (McCormick, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Toxicity in Mouse Lung and Liver after Inhalation Exposure to 100% Biodiesel or Petroleum Diesel Emissions

Shvedova

Yanamala

Murray

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Over the past decade, soy biodiesel (BD) has become a first alternative energy source that is economically viable and meets requirements of the Clean Air Act. Due to lower mass emissions and reduced hazardous compounds compared to diesel combustion emissions (CE), BD exposure is proposed to produce fewer adverse health effects. However, considering the broad use of BD and its blends in different industries, this assertion needs to be supported and validated by mechanistic and toxicological data. Here, adverse effects were compared in lungs and liver of BALB/cJ mice after inhalation exposure (0, 50, 150, or 500 μg/m 3 ; 4 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 4 wk) to CE from 100% biodiesel (B100) and diesel (D100). Compared to D100, B100 CE produced a significant accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins (carbonyls), an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a reduction of protein thiols, a depletion of antioxidant gluthatione (GSH), a dose-related rise in the levels of biomarkers of tissue damage (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) in lungs, and inflammation (myeloperoxidase, MPO) in both lungs and liver. Significant differences in the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interferon (IFN) γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected in lungs and liver upon B100 and D100 CE exposures. Overall, the tissue damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytokine response were more pronounced in mice exposed to Address correspondence to Dr. Anna A. Shvedova, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch (MS-2015), 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA. ats1@cdc.gov. This article is not subject to U.S. copyright. Epidemiologic and occupational studies demonstrated that ambient particular matter (PM) and diesel exhaust particles exert deleterious effects on human health, including exacerbation of preexisting lung disease, increased incidence of respiratory infections, decrement in lung capacity, and enhanced risk of lung cancer (Sawyer et al., 2010;LaGier et al., 2013). According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), elevated levels of airborne PM, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides contribute to serious health problems in the United States, producing increased acute respiratory symptoms, chronic bronchitis, and aggravation of asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and premature mortality (Ghio et al., 2012). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recently identified diesel combustion emissions (CE) as a Group 1 human carcinogen after chronic exposure (Benbrahim-Tallaa et al., 2012). Diesel exhaust particles are mainly aggregates of spherical carbon particles coated with inorganic and organic substances. The inorganic fraction primarily consists of small solid carbon (or elemental carbon) PM ranging from 0.01 to 0.08 microns in diameter. The organic fraction is composed of organic compounds such as aldehydes, alkanes and alkenes, and high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and PAH derivatives, such as nitro-PA...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Author Manuscript Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Toxicity in Mouse Lung and Liver after Inhalation Exposure to 100% Biodiesel or Petroleum Diesel Emissions

Shvedova

Yanamala

Murray

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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“…The engine was not altered to accommodate for differences in fuels. 7 To eliminate the contribution of crankcase emissions, the engine was retrofitted with a closed-loop crankcase filtration system. A DOC with Cordierite substrate and a proprietary catalyst formulation (Engine Control Systems Ltd., model A16-0130) was used in this study.…”

Section: Experimental Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biodiesel blends were found to reduce emissions of nonvolatile fractions of DPM 4,6 and to increase the particle-bound volatile organic fraction of DPM. 6,7 Additionally, biodiesel was found to reduce total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzo-(a)pyrene equivalent emissions 8 and to increase carbonyl emissions. 9 The effects of biodiesel on emissions were IMPLICATIONS Changing fuel supply from petroleum diesel to biodiesel fuels has been adopted by several underground mines as a method of choice for controlling the exposure to diesel aerosols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosols Emitted in Underground Mine Air by Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel

Bugarski

Cauda

Janisko

et al. 2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Using biodiesel in place of petroleum diesel is considered by several underground metal and nonmetal mine operators to be a viable strategy for reducing the exposure of miners to diesel particulate matter. This study was conducted in an underground experimental mine to evaluate the effects of soy methyl ester biodiesel on the concentrations and size distributions of diesel aerosols and nitric oxides in mine air. The objective was to compare the effects of neat and blended biodiesel fuels with those of ultralow sulfur petroleum diesel. The evaluation was performed using a mechanically controlled, naturally aspirated diesel engine equipped with a muffler and a diesel oxidation catalyst. The effects of biodiesel fuels on size distributions and number and total aerosol mass concentrations were found to be strongly dependent on engine operating conditions. When fueled with biodiesel fuels, the engine contributed less to elemental carbon concentrations for all engine operating modes and exhaust configurations. The substantial increases in number concentrations and fraction of organic carbon (OC) in total carbon over the baseline were observed when the engine was fueled with biodiesel fuels and operated at light-load operating conditions. Size distributions for all test conditions were found to be single modal and strongly affected by engine operating conditions, fuel type, and exhaust configuration. The peak and total number concentrations as well as median diameter decreased with an increase in the fraction of biodiesel in the fuels, particularly for highload operating conditions. The effects of the diesel oxidation catalyst, commonly deployed to counteract the potential increase in OC emissions due to use of biodiesel, were found to vary depending upon fuel formulation and engine operating conditions. The catalyst was relatively effective in reducing aerosol number and mass concentrations, particularly at light-load conditions, but also showed the potential for an increase in nitrogen dioxide concentrations at high-load modes. INTRODUCTION As of May 20, 2008, the U.S. Mine Safety and HealthAdministration (MSHA) regulation 1 limits exposures of underground metal and nonmetal miners to diesel particulate matter (DPM) to 160 g/m 3 of total carbon (TC). Improvements in mine ventilation and the curtailment of DPM and toxic gaseous emissions from existing and new diesel-powered equipment are commonly perceived as the most promising tools to meet MSHA technology forcing regulations. Although diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems are gradually becoming more utilized for controlling DPM emissions from underground mining vehicles, 2,3 their acceptance has been hindered by their relative complexity, implementation issues, and expense. Changing fuel supply from petroleum diesel to higherconcentration biodiesel blends is considered by several underground mine operators to be a viable alternative for controlling DPM emissions. The major advantages of biodiesel over petroleum-based diesel fuels with respect to DPM emissi...

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Transient testing of soy methyl ester fuels in an indirect injection, compression ignition engine

Purcell¹,

McClure²,

McDonald³

et al. 1996

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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An evaluation of the exhaust emissions from a compression ignition engine for fuels composed of 100 and 30% methyl esters of soy oil (SME) is described. These fuels were compared with a low-sulfur, petroleum #2 diesel fuel in a Caterpillar 3304, prechamber, 75 kW diesel engine, operated over heavy-and light-duty transient test cycles developed by the United States Bureau of Mines. More than 60 h of testing was performed on each fuel. The objective was to determine the influence of the fuels upon diesel particulate matter (DPM) and gaseous emissions. The effect of a modern diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) also was determined in an effort to minimize emissions. Neat SME produced a higher volatile fraction of the DPM, but much less carbon soot fraction, leading to overall DPM reductions of 23 to 30% for the light-and heavy-duty transients. The DOC further reduced the volatile fraction and the total DPM. The SME fuel reduced gaseous emissions of CO by 23% and hydrocarbons by over 30% without increasing NO x . The DOC further reduced CO and hydrocarbon levels. Mutagenicity of the SME exhaust was low. Results indicate that SME fuel, used with a proper DOC, may be a feasible emission reduction technology for underground mines.JAOCS 73, 381-388 (1996).

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Emissions Characteristics of Soy Methyl Ester Fuels in an IDI Compression Ignition Engine

Cited by 70 publications

References 19 publications

Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Toxicity in Mouse Lung and Liver after Inhalation Exposure to 100% Biodiesel or Petroleum Diesel Emissions

Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Toxicity in Mouse Lung and Liver after Inhalation Exposure to 100% Biodiesel or Petroleum Diesel Emissions

Aerosols Emitted in Underground Mine Air by Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel

Transient testing of soy methyl ester fuels in an indirect injection, compression ignition engine

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