Emissions Effects of Hydrogen as a Supplemental Fuel with Diesel and Biodiesel

Bika, Anil Singh; Franklin, Luke; Kittelson, David B.

doi:10.4271/2008-01-0648

Cited by 39 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The usage of hydrogen in internal combustion engines would provide a transition from hydrocarbon (HC)-based fuels to fuel cell equipped vehicles in 10-to 20-year period. 5 Despite the development and research in electric vehicles, problems such as low energy density and insufficient infrastructure limit the wide use of this technology, and hence dependency on internal combustion engines will remain in near future. 6 According to the European Environment Agency (EEA) report, percentage of electric vehicle usage in fleet has only reached 0.04% despite all the investments and incentives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 High self-ignition point of hydrogen fuel (576°C) prevents its direct usage in diesel engines. 7 Hydrogen fuel needs an igniter energy source to overcome this drawback.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bika et al 5 investigated the effect of 40% energy equivalent hydrogen introduction to a Volkswagen turbocharged direct injection (TDI) engine with two different fuels. Authors focused on PM and NO x emissions and used regular diesel fuel and soybean methylester.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines

Karagöz

Sandalcı

Yüksek

et al. 2016

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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Diesel engines are inevitable parts of our daily life and will be in the future. Expensive after-treatment technologies to fulfil normative legislations about the harmful tail-pipe emissions and fuel price increase in recent years created expectations from researchers for alternative fuel applications on diesel engines. This study investigates hydrogen as additive fuel in diesel engines. Hydrogen was introduced into intake manifold using gas injectors as additive fuel in gaseous form and also diesel fuel was injected into cylinder by diesel injector and used as igniter. Energy content of introduced hydrogen was set to 0%, 25% and 50% of total fuel energy, where the 0% references neat diesel operation without hydrogen injection. Test conditions were set to full load at 750, 900, 1100, 1400, 1750 and finally 2100 r/min engine speed. Variation in engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics with hydrogen addition was investigated. Hydrogen introduction into the engine by 25% and 50% of total charge energy reveals significant decrease in smoke emissions while dramatic increase in nitrogen oxides. With increasing hydrogen content, a slight rise is observed in total unburned hydrocarbons although CO 2 and CO gaseous emissions reduced considerably. Maximum in-cylinder gas pressure and rate of heat release peak values raised with hydrogen fraction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 High self-ignition point of hydrogen fuel (576°C) prevents its direct usage in diesel engines. 7 Hydrogen fuel needs an igniter energy source to overcome this drawback.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines

Karagöz

Sandalcı

Yüksek

et al. 2016

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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“…At the end of the compression stroke, the compressed, hot H 2 -air mixture is ignited by a small diesel pilot. Such a dual fuel combustion mode has been considered as a reliable method of burning H 2 in CI engines [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The burning of H 2 as the sole fuel in CI engines was demonstrated as technically infeasible [18] due to the extremely high temperature needed for H 2 to ignite through compression only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental investigation of exhaust emissions of a 1999 Cummins ISM370 diesel engine supplemented with H₂

Liew

Gatts

et al. 2012

International Journal of Engine Research

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This paper investigates the effect of hydrogen (H 2 ) addition on the exhaust emissions of a 1999 Cummins ISM370 heavy-duty diesel engine with H 2 continuously supplemented to intake air. Using the 13-mode European Stationary Cycle (ESC), the addition of 2 per cent H 2 by volume increased the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), but reduced nitric oxide (NO) emissions. The addition of 4 per cent H 2 increased the emissions of NO, NO 2 , and NO x . When examined under constant load, the addition of H 2 reduced the emissions of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO), but had very mild effects on hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. It was also shown that the reduction in PM emissions was due to the reduced diesel fuel flowrate rather than the improvement to the combustion efficiency of diesel fuel. However, the addition of a relatively large amount of H 2 at medium to high (30-70 per cent) load substantially increased the emissions of NO x . This was due to an increase in maximum local combustion temperature resulting from the enhanced heat release rate, advanced combustion phasing, and reduced combustion duration. In comparison, the addition of a small amount of H 2 had a very mild effect on NO x emissions. However, a substantial reduction in NO x emissions was observed with the addition of large amounts of H 2 at 10-15 per cent load, which was due to deteriorated peak heat release rate observed at premixed combustion process and elongated diffusion combustion process, which reduced the peak local combustion temperature and retarded the combustion phasing. It was also noted that the addition of H 2 substantially increased the emissions of NO 2 , indicating the significant effect of H 2 addition in enhancing the conversion of NO to NO 2 . When measured using the 13-mode ESC, the addition of 2 per cent and 4 per cent H 2 increased NO 2 emissions by 300 per cent and 221 per cent, respectively. When measured under constant load, a maximum NO 2 /NO x ratio of 62.2 per cent was obtained with the addition of 4 per cent H 2 at 10 per cent load.

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“…The improved thermal efficiency was attributed to the increased combustion efficiency. Bika et al [7] tested a 1999 Volkswagen 4 cylinder, 1.9 L TDI diesel engine. Results showed that when 10% and 40% of the energy were supplied by hydrogen, PM emissions reduced by 10% and 50% respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hydrogen addition on criteria and greenhouse gas emissions for a marine diesel engine

Pan

Pournazeri

Princevac

et al. 2014

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Fuel consumption a b s t r a c tHydrogen remains an attractive alternative fuel to petroleum and a number of investigators claim that adding hydrogen to the air intake manifold of a diesel engine will reduce criteria emissions and diesel fuel consumption. Such claims are appealing when trying to simultaneously reduce petroleum consumption, greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants. The goal of this research was to measure the change in criteria emissions (CO, NO x, and PM 2.5 ) and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), using standard test methods for a wide range of hydrogen addition rates. A two-stroke Detroit Diesel Corporation 12V-71TI marine diesel engine was mounted on an engine dynamometer and tested at three out of the four loads specified in the ISO 8178-4 E3 emission test cycle and at idle.The engine operated on CARB ultra-low sulfur #2 diesel with hydrogen added at flow rates of 0, 22 and 220 SLPM.As compared with the base case without hydrogen, measurements showed that hydrogen injection at 22 and 220 SLPM had negligible influence on the overall carbon dioxide specific emission, EF CO2 . However, in examining data at each load the data revealed that at idle EF CO2 was reduced by 21% at 22 SLPM (6.9% of the added fuel energy was from hydrogen) and 37.3% at 220 SLPM (103.1% of the added fuel energy was from hydrogen). At all other loads, the influence of added hydrogen was insignificant. Specific emissions for nitrogen oxides, EF NOx , and fine particulate matters, EF PM2:5 , showed a trade-off relationship at idle. At idle, EF NOx was reduced by 28% and 41% with increasing hydrogen flow rates, whilst EF PM2:5 increased by 41% and 86% respectively. For other engine loads, EF NOx and EF PM2:5 did not change significantly with varying hydrogen flow rates. One of the main reasons for the greater impact of hydrogen at idle is that the contribution of hydrogen to * Corresponding author. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal h ome page: www.elsevier.com/loca te/he i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 9 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 1 3 3 6 e1 1 3 4 5http://dx. the total fuel energy is much higher at idle as compared to the other loads. The final examination in this paper was the system energy balance when hydrogen is produced by an on-board electrolysis unit. An analysis at 75% engine load showed that hydrogen production increased the overall equivalent fuel consumption by 2.6% at 22 SLPM and 17.7% at 220 SLPM.

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Emissions Effects of Hydrogen as a Supplemental Fuel with Diesel and Biodiesel

Cited by 39 publications

References 25 publications

Effect of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines

Effect of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines

An experimental investigation of exhaust emissions of a 1999 Cummins ISM370 diesel engine supplemented with H₂

Effect of hydrogen addition on criteria and greenhouse gas emissions for a marine diesel engine

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Emissions Effects of Hydrogen as a Supplemental Fuel with Diesel and Biodiesel

Cited by 39 publications

References 25 publications

Effect of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines

Effect of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines

An experimental investigation of exhaust emissions of a 1999 Cummins ISM370 diesel engine supplemented with H2

Effect of hydrogen addition on criteria and greenhouse gas emissions for a marine diesel engine

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Product

Resources

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An experimental investigation of exhaust emissions of a 1999 Cummins ISM370 diesel engine supplemented with H₂