Emissions from polymeric materials: Characterised by thermal desorption-gas chromatography

Mitchell, Gemma; Higgitt, Catherine; Gibson, Lorraine T.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.003

Cited by 40 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Although the TD-GC/MS method has been suggested as the accurate quantification method for the analysis of semi-volatile compounds in polymeric materials, [13][14][15] it is difficult to obtain a calibration curve for a target compound with high volatility due to the loss of the target compound during sample preparation or waiting time before analysis.…”

Section: The Use Of Pvc Coated Sample Cupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For these reasons, direct thermal desorption (TD) of target compounds from polymeric matrices was suggested as a simple and safe tool for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in polymers. [13][14][15] For example, TD-GC/MS was nominated as the standard test method for the determination of low level, regulated phthalates in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. 16 Simple and fast quantification of phthalates in polymer samples has become possible without using any extraction solvent by applying TD-GC/MS as a standard method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid Quantification of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone in Polymer Matrices by Thermal Desorption-GC/MS

Kim

Moon

et al. 2017

ANAL. SCI.

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Analysis of a residual solvent in polymeric materials has become an important issue due to the increased regulations and standards for its use. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a solvent widely used in many industries and restricted as one of the chemicals under EU REACH regulations due to its potential harmful effects. In this study, thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) is applied for the quantitative analysis of NMP with the use of a polymer-coated sample cup. By using the polymer-coated sample cup, the vaporization of NMP was prevented during waiting time before TD-GC/MS analysis. The calibration curve for the TD method showed good linearity (correlation coefficient, r = 0.9998) and precision values (below 5.3% RSD). NMP recovery rates in different polymer matrices (PS, PMMA and PVC) were in the range of 98.8 to 106.6% with RSD values below 5.0%. The quantification result (600 mg NMP/kg PVC) for the blind NMP carrying sample in a PVC matrix by TD-GC/MS was higher than that (532 mg NMP/kg PVC) by solvent extraction-GC/MS method.

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Section: The Use Of Pvc Coated Sample Cupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Quantification of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone in Polymer Matrices by Thermal Desorption-GC/MS

Kim

Moon

et al. 2017

ANAL. SCI.

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“…The majority of literature concerning the identification of polymers in cultural heritage collections is focused on the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as an accessible, fast and non-invasive technique [1][2][3][4][5]. Additional techniques such as Raman spectroscopy [5,6], near infrared spectroscopy [5,7], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [5,8], nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [9], and volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis [10][11][12] are also utilised. While these techniques have been proven useful, they can require expensive, large and stationary instruments, destructive sampling, and significant time and expertise to operate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive identification of polymers in cultural heritage collections: evaluation, optimisation and application of portable FTIR (ATR and external reflectance) spectroscopy to three-dimensional polymer-based objects

2019

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The conservation of polymer-based cultural heritage is a major concern for collecting institutions internationally. Collections include a range of different polymers, each with its own degradation processes and preservation needs, however, they are frequently unidentified in collection catalogues. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for identifying polymers, which is vital for determining storage, exhibition, loan and treatment conditions. Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR), and External Reflection (ER) are proven effective FTIR sampling techniques for polymer identification and are beginning to appear in conservation labs. This paper evaluates and optimises the application of these two FTIR techniques to three-dimensional plastic objects in the museum context. Elements of the FTIR measurement process are investigated for 15 common polymers found in museum collections using both authentic reference sheets, and case study objects to model for surface characteristics. Including: use of the ATR and ER modules, the difference between clamping and manually holding objects in contact with the ATR crystal, use of the Kramers-Kronig Transformation, signal-to-noise ratios for increasing number of co-added scans, resultant time taken to collect each measurement, associated professional, health and safety considerations, and the use and availability of reference materials for polymer identify verification. Utilising this information, a flowchart for applying FTIR spectroscopy to three-dimensional historic plastic objects during museum collection surveys is proposed to guide the conservation profession.

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“…These concerns have prompted the search for alternative methods of material suitability testing, especially those that utilize chromatographic separations of the emitted compounds [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. These approaches offer significant advantages in terms of speed and the comprehensive nature of the analysis, and they are also often seen as being a more objective assessment of the dangers posed by a material than that generated by the Oddy test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relating volatiles analysis by GC–MS to Oddy test performance for determining the suitability of museum construction materials

et al. 2018

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Conservators' decisions regarding the suitability of museum construction materials for use in proximity to artworks still rely heavily on accelerated corrosion tests like the Oddy test despite widespread criticisms. These issues include inconveniently long wait times, sensitivity to only those pollutants capable of tarnishing metals, a general sense of unreliability, exaggerated environmental conditions, and subjectivity in assessing the test's results. Increasingly, alternative strategies that use instrumental approaches involving volatiles sampling coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are being explored as faster, more comprehensive, potentially quantitative, and possible more 'objective' means of assessing the dangers of off-gassing from museum construction materials. While many of these characteristics are now well documented, the objectivity of the instrumental result is arguable. While the detection of volatiles and semi-volatiles by GC-MS can confidently yield a list of potential pollutants, "chemical intuition" must be used to predict whether many of the emitted compounds can in fact adversely affect artwork. In this study, evolved gas analysis (EGA) coupled to GC-MS is used to predict the suitability of a small sample set of plastics for use in a museum. The potential impact of volatiles observed in the EGA chromatogram was assessed using chemical reactivity principles and the sparse literature data on the material damages caused by a small group of known pollutants. These same plastics were then tested using the British Museum's 3-in-1 Oddy test. The prediction based on an educated chemical assessment of the compounds identified through instrumental analysis shows good correlation with pooled results from the Oddy test. In one of the two instances of disagreement, the EGA analysis was actually overly conservative and leaned toward prohibiting or restricting a material that passed the Oddy test. In the other, a material that failed the Oddy test but was passed by instrumental analysis was later shown to contain VOCs that could be considered corrosive. This trial suggests that with practice and experience instrumental approaches may be useful to supplement and perhaps one day supplant traditional accelerated corrosion testing of museum construction materials.

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Emissions from polymeric materials: Characterised by thermal desorption-gas chromatography

Cited by 40 publications

References 13 publications

Rapid Quantification of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone in Polymer Matrices by Thermal Desorption-GC/MS

Rapid Quantification of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone in Polymer Matrices by Thermal Desorption-GC/MS

Non-invasive identification of polymers in cultural heritage collections: evaluation, optimisation and application of portable FTIR (ATR and external reflectance) spectroscopy to three-dimensional polymer-based objects

Relating volatiles analysis by GC–MS to Oddy test performance for determining the suitability of museum construction materials

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