Emissions of antifouling-biocides into the North Sea —an estimation

Isensee, Jürgen; Watermann, Burkard; Berger, Hans-Dieter

doi:10.1007/bf02226311

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The fouling of hulls of ships is a real problem, and various technologies have been applied in the past, including the use of antifouling paints like tributyl tin (TBT) and organotins (Evans et al 2000;Boxall et al 2000;Hall et al 1999;Ponasik et al 1998;Isensee et al 1994;Willemsen and Ferrari 1993). Recently, increasing concerns about the negative effects of TBT on several marine organisms and the environment have led to a ban on TBT-containing coatings in different countries, including Japan, Canada and those within the European community (Stupak et al 2003;Burgess et al 2003;Omae 2003;Hunter and Anderson 2000;Abarzua et al 1999;Fischer et al 1999;Hashimoto et al 1998;Grinwis et al 1998;Fent 1996;Burridge et al 1995;Horiguchi et al 1995;Ruiz et al 1995;Suzuki et al 1992).…”

Section: Causes Of Biofoulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications

Bhadury

Wright

2004

Planta

289

173

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Marine algae are one of the largest producers of biomass in the marine environment. They produce a wide variety of chemically active metabolites in their surroundings, potentially as an aid to protect themselves against other settling organisms. These active metabolites, also known as biogenic compounds, produced by several species of marine macro- and micro-algae, have antibacterial, antialgal, antimacrofouling and antifungal properties, which are effective in the prevention of biofouling, and have other likely uses, e.g. in therapeutics. The isolated substances with potent antifouling activity belong to groups of fatty acids, lipopeptides, amides, alkaloids, terpenoids, lactones, pyrroles and steroids. These biogenic compounds have the potential to be produced commercially using metabolic engineering techniques. Therefore, isolation of biogenic compounds and determination of their structure could provide leads for future development of, for example, environmentally friendly antifouling paints. This paper mainly discusses the successes of such research, and the future applications in the context of understanding the systems biology of micro-algae and cyanobacteria.

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Section: Causes Of Biofoulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications

Bhadury

Wright

2004

Planta

289

173

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“…Larger estimates of biocide emissions were carried out for the German and world merchant fleets and were validated with theoretical biocide concentrations in the North Sea [32]. Several statistical models were developed to estimate the wetted surface area (WSA) for a given set of fleet data [33].…”

Section: Estimation Of the Antifouling Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nautical Tourism in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Evaluating an Impact of Copper Emission from Antifouling Coating

2021

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Copper (Cu) has a narrow range between optimal concentrations as a micronutrient critical for phytoplankton growth and concentrations potentially toxic to living organisms. This sensitivity indicates an ecosystem vulnerability that threatens not only nature but also human health due to bioaccumulation. An important source of elevated Cu concentrations in coastal environments are biocides used as antifouling protection on ships. A pilot study conducted in the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of the Krka Estuary (Croatia) over a period of 16 months investigated the relationship between ship traffic and Cu concentrations. The aim was to contribute to more informed environmental management by assessing the associated risks. In the study presented here, Cu concentrations were monitored, analyzed, and correlated with vessel traffic. Observations revealed that the seasonal increase in maritime traffic caused by nautical tourism was associated with an increase in Cu concentrations of more than five times, posing a toxicity risk to the environment. In order to understand the distribution of copper emissions, a mapping of maritime traffic was carried out by counting transits, radar imagery, and drone photography. This approach has proven sufficient to identify the potential risks to the marine environment and human health, thus providing an effective assessment tool for marine stakeholders.

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“…For the calculation of the total release rates, a total surface area of the world commercial fleet of 3 × 10 7 m 2 was estimated from the ships with gross tonnage >300 in 1998 (18) and average wetted hull areas of eight types of ships (19) as shown in the Supporting Information. On the basis of a very basic understanding of global traffic patterns, it was assumed that at any time 10% of this wetted hull surface area is stationary in harbors, 1% is traveling in estuaries with harbors, 64% is traveling above the continental shelf, and 25% is traveling in the open sea.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Antifouling Agents in the Marine Biosphere

Ranke

2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Risk indicators provide an interesting way to compare chemical substances with respect to the risks of their large-scaled release. The present study implies that, for antifouling agents used in commercial shipping, residence times in the marine biosphere are especially suitable to represent their inherent potential to cause exposure of organisms. A simple box model is described providing the possibility to estimate residence times in the marine biosphere from water-particle equilibrium partitioning constants and half-lives in water and sediment. Resulting residence times in the marine biosphere range from about 5 d (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) up to about 40,000 yr (copper). For an evaluation of the validity of the model, calculated values are compared with measured environmental concentrations. Remaining uncertainties are also discussed. The main purpose of the presented residence times is to serve as a basis for decisions in antifouling paint development or environmentally conscious purchasing of antifouling paints.

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Emissions of antifouling-biocides into the North Sea —an estimation

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications

Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications

Nautical Tourism in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Evaluating an Impact of Copper Emission from Antifouling Coating

Persistence of Antifouling Agents in the Marine Biosphere

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