Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory

McMeeking, G. R.; Kreidenweis, Sonia M.; Baker, Stephen P.; Carrico, Christian M.; Chow, Judith C.; Collett, Jeffrey L.; Hao, Wei Min; Holden, Amanda; Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; Malm, William C.; Moosmüller, Hans; Sullivan, A.; Wold, Cyle

doi:10.1029/2009jd011836

Cited by 403 publications

(541 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(229 reference statements)

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“…The mass ratio of BC and K + apportioned to this factor was similar to that of a biomass burning plume, particularly the high K + proportion typical of herbaceous burning (Turn et al, 1997;Saarikoski et al, 2007;McMeeking et al, 2009;May et al, 2014). However, both BC and K + loading showed significant uncertainty.…”

Section: Factor 4: Carboxylic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…This separation of BC-and K + -rich factors was persistent for all PMF solutions with four or more factors. Furthermore, the mass ratios of SO 2− 4 and NO − 3 to BC were much higher than would be expected for biomass burning with enrichment ratios above 10 (Turn et al, 1997; Hays et al, 2005;Saarikoski et al, 2007;McMeeking et al, 2009;May et al, 2014); the relative loading of SO 2− 4 compared to NH + 4 and NO − 3 was also higher than expected for biomass burning . This factor also showed an acidic signature with a neutralization ratio of 0.12.…”

Section: Factor 3: Black Carbonmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Temporally delineated sources of major chemical species in high Arctic snow

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Long-range transport of aerosol from lower latitudes to the high Arctic may be a significant contributor to climate forcing in the Arctic. To identify the sources of key contaminants entering the Canadian High Arctic an intensive campaign of snow sampling was completed at Alert, Nunavut, from September 2014 to June 2015. Fresh snow samples collected every few days were analyzed for black carbon, major ions, and metals, and this rich data set provided an opportunity for a temporally refined source apportionment of snow composition via positive matrix factorization (PMF) in conjunction with FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) potential emission sensitivity analysis. Seven source factors were identified: sea salt, crustal metals, black carbon, carboxylic acids, nitrate, noncrustal metals, and sulfate. The sea salt and crustal factors showed good agreement with expected composition and primarily northern sources. High loadings of V and Se onto Factor 2, crustal metals, was consistent with expected elemental ratios, implying these metals were not primarily anthropogenic in origin. Factor 3, black carbon, was an acidic factor dominated by black carbon but with some sulfate contribution over the winter-haze season. The lack of K + associated with this factor, a Eurasian source, and limited known forest fire events coincident with this factor's peak suggested a predominantly anthropogenic combustion source. Factor 4, carboxylic acids, was dominated by formate and acetate with a moderate correlation to available sunlight and an oceanic and North American source. A robust identification of this factor was not possible; however, atmospheric photochemical reactions, ocean microlayer reaction, and biomass burning were explored as potential contributors. Factor 5, nitrate, was an acidic factor dominated by NO − 3 , with a likely Eurasian source and mid-winter peak. The isolation of NO − 3 on a separate factor may reflect its complex atmospheric processing, though the associated source region suggests possibly anthropogenic precursors. Factor 6, non-crustal metals, showed heightened loadings of Sb, Pb, and As, and correlation with other metals traditionally associated with industrial activities. Similar to Factor 3 and 5, this factor appeared to be largely Eurasian in origin. Factor 7, sulfate, was dominated by SO 2− 4 and MS with a fall peak and high acidity. Coincident volcanic activity and northern source regions may suggest a processed SO 2 source of this factor.

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Section: Factor 4: Carboxylic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Factor 3: Black Carbonmentioning

confidence: 90%

Temporally delineated sources of major chemical species in high Arctic snow

et al. 2018

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“…This was done assuming PM mass is equal to mass of organic matter (OM) added to mass of elemental carbon (EC) (EF PM ¼ EF OC Â factor þ EF EC ). Using an OM-to-OC ratio of 1.55 as suggested by McMeeking et al (2009) and Levin et al (2010) resulted in a best linear fit with slope of 1.00 and R 2 of 0.87 between the two variables of gravimetric PM mass EF and constructed PM mass EF. The factor of 1.55 is within the range suggested by Reid et al (2005) for biomass burning.…”

Section: Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Table 2 presents NO x emission factors as NO of 1.53 AE 0.09, 1.83 AE 0.05 and 1.95 AE 0.07 g/kg CO 2 for 0, 0.25, and 2.5 of PE, respectively. Past research suggested that NO x emissions in biomass burning depend on fuel nitrogen content (Andreae and Merlet, 2001;McMeeking et al, 2009). However, the manzanita nitrogen content was (~1 wt%) (Hosseini et al, 2013), and Linak et al (1989) measured no NO x formation from combustion of agricultural plastic.…”

Section: Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of low-density polyethylene on smoke emissions from burning of simulated debris piles

Hosseini

Shrivastava

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic is used to keep piled debris from silvicultural activities-activities associated with development and care of forests-dry to enable efficient disposal by burning. The effects of inclusion of LDPE in this manner on smoke emissions are not well known. In a combustion laboratory experiment, 2-kg mixtures of LDPE and manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.) wood containing 0, 0.25, and 2.5% LDPE by mass were burned. Gaseous and particulate emissions were sampled in real time during the entire flaming, mixed combustion phase-when the flaming and smoldering phases are present at the same time-and during a portion of the smoldering phase. Analysis of variance was used to test significance of modified combustion efficiency (MCE)-the ratio of concentrations of fire-integrated excess CO 2 to CO 2 plus CO-and LDPE content on measured individual compounds. MCE ranged between 0.983 and 0.993, indicating that combustion was primarily flaming; MCE was seldom significant as a covariate. Of the 195 compounds identified in the smoke emissions, only the emission factor (EF) of 3M-octane showed an increase with increasing LDPE content. Inclusion of LDPE had an effect on EFs of pyrene and fluoranthene, but no statistical evidence of a linear trend was found. Particulate emission factors showed a marginally significant linear relationship with MCE (0.05 < P-value < 0.10). Based on the results of the current and previous studies and literature reviews, the inclusion of small mass proportions of LDPE in piled silvicultural debris does not appear to change the emissions produced when low-moisture-content wood is burned. In general, combustion of wet piles results in lower MCEs and consequently higher levels of emissions.Implications: Current air quality regulations permit the use of burning to dispose of silvicultural piles; however, inclusion of lowdensity polyethyelene (LDPE) plastic in silvicultural piles can result in a designation of the pile as waste. Waste burning is not permitted in many areas, and there is also concern that inclusion of LDPE leads to toxic air emissions.

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Aerosol single scattering albedo dependence on biomass combustion efficiency: Laboratory and field studies

Liu

Aiken

Arata

et al. 2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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110

143

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Single scattering albedo (ω) of fresh biomass burning (BB) aerosols produced from 92 controlled laboratory combustion experiments of 20 different woods and grasses was analyzed to determine the factors that control the variability in ω. Results show that ω varies strongly with fire-integrated modified combustion efficiency (MCE FI )-higher MCE FI results in lower ω values and greater spectral dependence of ω. A parameterization of ω as a function of MCE FI for fresh BB aerosols is derived from the laboratory data and is evaluated by field observations from two wildfires. The parameterization suggests that MCE FI explains 60% of the variability in ω, while the 40% unexplained variability could be accounted for by other parameters such as fuel type. Our parameterization provides a promising framework that requires further validation and is amenable for refinements to predict ω with greater confidence, which is critical for estimating the radiative forcing of BB aerosols.

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Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory

Cited by 403 publications

References 111 publications

Temporally delineated sources of major chemical species in high Arctic snow

Temporally delineated sources of major chemical species in high Arctic snow

Effect of low-density polyethylene on smoke emissions from burning of simulated debris piles

Aerosol single scattering albedo dependence on biomass combustion efficiency: Laboratory and field studies

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