Theorizing the carbon economy: introduction to the special issue The term`carbon economy' often has an adjective placed nearby: the`new' carbon economy, the`low' carbon economy, the carbon`neutral' economy, the`zero' carbon economy, or can be simply thought of as the shorthand for the political economy of carbon. Such a discursive move marks a shift in focus from 20th-century carbon-based industry and society to aspirational movements in the new millennium. Brown and Corbera have focused on the novel directions in the`new' carbon economy in describing it as one that``represents the emerging trade in carbon emissions, along with the series of market-based policy instruments designed to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the creation of markets for carbon such as the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol'' (2003, page 41). Through a variety of economic, political, ecological, and cultural twists and turns, new actors are stepping in to take advantage of these mechanisms and broker deals in`voluntary' carbon reductions. Castree ( 2006) has cautioned that there are many dimensions to this emerging (new/low/zero)`carbon economy' rather than a shift denoting an overarching organizing force.The carbon economy essentially and necessarily props up and connects the workings of our everyday lives to the national and global-level political economic architectures organizing contemporary human societies. The industrial revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries produced carbon-based industry initiatives that now intervene in just about all aspects of human life, from energy generation for household activities and the ways to get from place to place, to the conduct of businesses and the ways humans grow and consume food. Concurrently, detection and attribution research has found that these carbon-based practices have contributed to anthropogenic climate change (Allen et al, 2000;Karl and Trenberth, 2003;Tett et al 1999), thus opening a new moment in time some have called`the Anthropocene Era' (Crutzen, 2002). In other words, carbon-based activities dominate economies and societies in ways not seen before in human history. Ironically perhaps, it is this carbon economy``intertwining evolution with the Earth's inanimate forces, air, sea, rocköand human infrastructure'' that also threatens the very industries and societies it has enabled (Roston, 2008, page 1). Woven into these developments are the critical decisions made at the human^environment interface, referred to by Dalby as`Anthropocene geopolitics' (2007).Bailey (2007) and Bumpus and Liverman (2008) have also pointed out that the emerging institutions and spaces of carbon reductionsöfrom flexible mechanisms (Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, International Emissions Trading) in the compliance market, to carbon offsets in the voluntary marketöcontribute to a range of possible and hotly contested futures in the carbon economy. From the pivot of market-based measures, there are competing visions of what architectures and institutions i...