Emodiversity and the emotional ecosystem.

Quoidbach, Jordi; Gruber, June; Mikolajczak, Moïra; Kogan, A.; Kotsou, Ilios; Norton, Michael I.

doi:10.1037/a0038025

Cited by 185 publications

(292 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Paralleling other investigations of diversity in psycho-social domains (Allen et al, 1998; Budescu & Budescu, 2012; Ram et al, 2012; Quoidbach et al, 2014), the diversity of each individual’s ( i ) stressor types ( j ) across all study days was quantified using Shannon’s (1948) entropy index. Specifically,

{Stressor Diversity}_{i} = - true(\frac{1}{ln false(m false)} true) \sum_{j = 1}^{m} p_{ij} ln p_{ij}

where m is the number of available stressor categories (in NSDE, m = 7; in iSAHIB, m = 8), and p ij is the proportion of individual i ’s stressors that were in each category, j = 1 to m .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simultaneously, diversity within an ecosystem can be quantified using entropy measures (e.g., Shannon, 1948). Adapted for use in social sciences, entropy measures have been used by economists, sociologists, psychologists, and developmentalists to assess a variety of constructs, including income/social inequality (see Bourguignon, 1979), market equilibrium and product diversity (see Pla, Casanoves, & Di Rienzo, 2012; Foley, 1994; Hu, Tian, Wang, & Zhang, 2012), noise in molar neural networks (Allen, Kaufman, Smith, & Propper, 1998), racial/ethnic diversity (Budescu & Budescu, 2012), emodiversity (Quoidbach et al, 2014), and behavioral flexibility (Ram, Conroy, Pincus, Hyde, & Molloy, 2012). Specific to the study of daily stressors, Brose and colleagues (2013) used entropy (Blau’s index) to quantify stressor heterogeneity.…”

Section: Examining Diversity In the Stressor Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stressor diversity: Introduction and empirical integration into the daily stress model.

Koffer¹,

Ram²,

Conroy³

et al. 2016

Psychology and Aging

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The present study examined if and how stressor diversity, the extent to which one’s stressor events are spread across multiple types of stressors, contributes to daily affective well-being through the adult life span. Stressor diversity was examined as a unique predictor of daily affect and as a moderator of stressor exposure and stressor reactivity effects. Analyses span two independent studies of daily stress: the National Study of Daily Experiences with N=2,022 adults, aged 33–85, assessed over T=8 days, and the Intraindividual Study of Affect, Health, and Interpersonal Behavior with N=150 adults, aged 18–89, assessed over T=63 days. Across both studies, older age was associated with less stressor diversity. Additionally, multivariate multilevel models indicated higher stressor diversity was linked with better affective well-being. Age, however, was not a consistent moderator of such associations. The combination of low stressor diversity and high stressor exposure is discussed as an operationalization of chronic stressors, and this combination was associated with particularly high negative affect and low positive affect. We believe further work will benefit from including both the frequency and diversity of stressor experiences in analyses in order to better characterize individuals’ stressor experiences.

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{Stressor Diversity}_{i} = - true(\frac{1}{ln false(m false)} true) \sum_{j = 1}^{m} p_{ij} ln p_{ij}

where m is the number of available stressor categories (in NSDE, m = 7; in iSAHIB, m = 8), and p ij is the proportion of individual i ’s stressors that were in each category, j = 1 to m .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Examining Diversity In the Stressor Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stressor diversity: Introduction and empirical integration into the daily stress model.

Koffer¹,

Ram²,

Conroy³

et al. 2016

Psychology and Aging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To calculate emotional complexity, we followed prior research (Grossmann, Huynh, & Ellsworth, 2015;Quoidbach et al, 2014), quantifying the richness and evenness of participants' emotional experiences in their 2. Recognition of uncertainty and future change based on 2 items P: The consequences of the incident will be positive for me 1 ¼ very unlikely; 7 ¼ very likely 1201 2.91 (1.88) .65 N: The consequences of the incident will be negative for me 1201 3.52 (1.95) .17 Self-transcendence 1.…”

Section: Procedures and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wise Reasoning in the Face of Everyday Life Challenges

Grossmann

Gerlach

Denissen

2016

Social Psychological and Personality Science

116

137

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How stable vs. dynamic is wisdom in daily life? We conducted a daily diary study of wise reasoning (WR) by recording people's reflections on daily challenges in terms of three facets: intellectual humility, self-transcendence, and consideration of others' perspectives/compromise. We observed substantial and systematic intraindividual variability in WR, with wiser reasoning in the social versus nonsocial contexts. State-level WR variability was potent in predicting a bigger-picture construal of the event, more positive (vs. negative) emotions, greater emotional complexity, lower emotional reactivity, less thought suppression, and more reappraisal and forgiveness. In contrast, on the trait level, we observed only a few associations to emotional complexity and reappraisal. We discuss implications for conceptualization and measurement of wisdom-related thought.

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“…To test this hypothesis, we employed two techniques. First, we used a relatively new type of analysis to evaluate the variety and evenness of emotions—namely, their “emodiversity” [59, 60]. The emodiversity equation quantifies the number of specific emotions experienced and the degree to which these specific emotions are experienced in the same proportion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The proximal experience of gratitude

et al. 2017

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Although a great deal of research has tested the longitudinal effects of regularly practicing gratitude, much less attention has been paid to the emotional landscape directly following engagement in gratitude exercises. In three studies, we explored the array of discrete emotions people experience after being prompted to express or recall gratitude. In Studies 1 and 2, two different gratitude exercises produced not only greater feelings of gratitude relative to two positive emotion control conditions (i.e., recalling relief), but also higher levels of other socially relevant states like elevation, connectedness, and indebtedness. In a third study, conducted in both the U.S. and S. Korea, we compared a gratitude exercise to another positive emotion elicitation (i.e., recalling a kind act) and to a neutral task, and again found that the gratitude exercise prompted greater gratitude, elevation, indebtedness, and guilt, but no more embarrassment or shame, than the two comparison conditions. Additionally, in all three studies, emodiversity and cluster analyses revealed that gratitude exercises led to the simultaneous experience of both pleasant and unpleasant socially-relevant states. In sum, although it may seem obvious that gratitude exercises would evoke grateful, positive states, a meta-analysis of our three studies revealed that gratitude exercises actually elicit a mixed emotional experience—one that simultaneously leads individuals to feel uplifted and indebted.

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Emodiversity and the emotional ecosystem.

Cited by 185 publications

References 59 publications

Stressor diversity: Introduction and empirical integration into the daily stress model.

Stressor diversity: Introduction and empirical integration into the daily stress model.

Wise Reasoning in the Face of Everyday Life Challenges

The proximal experience of gratitude

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