Emoticons in Relational Writing Practices on WhatsApp: Some Reflections on Gender

Digital Articulation: Examining Text-Based Linguistic Performances in Mobile Communication Through Keystroke-Logging Analysis

“…Since the start of the new millennium various researchers at the intersection of sociolinguistics and media studies have documented the various social functions of text-based language, and how spoken communication practices are adopted for text-based media (see Ling, 2008 ). For example, researchers have observed how individuals use frequent text messaging to maintain contact ( Ling and Yttri, 2001 ; Laursen, 2005 ), reconstitute paralinguistic meaning ( Thurlow and Brown, 2003 ), adopt politeness strategies ( Spilioti, 2011 ), circulate multimedia ( Georgakopoulou, 2014 ), establish discursive structures and meanings for emojis ( Sampietro, 2016 ; Pérez-Sabater, 2019 ), and even creatively play with spelling ( Tagg et al, 2012 ; Tagg, 2012 ). Scholars examining social media have additionally examined how individuals may strategically modulate their audiences ( Androutsopoulos, 2014a ; Pavalanathan and Eisenstein, 2015a ), perform social identities ( Pavalanathan and Eisenstein, 2015b ; Jones, 2015 ; Brock, 2020 ), pair with audio-visual channels ( Piwek and Joinson, 2015 ; Highfield and Leaver, 2016and), or even participate in social media trends ( Grieve et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Through this lens, Haha and Lol do not just represent literal laughter, but may, as Baron (2004) suggested, structurally serve as “phatic fillers for the equivalent of OK, cool, or yeah” (p. 411). Further, studies of various paralinguistic features in texting ( Ling and Yttri, 2001 ; Highfield and Leaver, 2016 ; Sampietro, 2016 ; Pérez-Sabater;2019 ) have commonly observed that such features occur at turn-taking boundaries (i.e., the start or end of a text message), and, to a lesser extent, clause boundaries within a message. This suggests that Haha and Lol in texting might serve multiple intersecting functions: as symbolic capital to manage interpersonal relationships, and to coordinate turn-taking structures similar to shared laughter ( Jefferson, 1979 ).…”

The Perception of Students of UiTM, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Towards the Use of Salutations in WhatsApp Conversations

“…It was found that the students used a slang, "Ta" which is a word commonly used by people in the ghetto as compared to "Hello" or "Hi". The study of Pérez-Sabater [13] revealed that males generally are more straightforward, while females usually use greetings to introduce their texts. It was also disclosed that men-only chat represents the briskness of masculine interactions, in the sense that there are generally no salutations or farewells and there are a lot of imperative forms, even though in this case, there exist some kind of greeting through a rather colloquial word such as "Yeeee," the equivalent of "Wassuup" in English.…”

Cómo hacer palabras con emojis: sustitución y enfatización visual de vocablos en WhatsApp

“…Por ejemplo, estos pictogramas ayudan a indicar la fuerza ilocutiva de un enunciado (Herring y Dainas, 2017;Sampietro, 2019). A veces colaboran con la indicación de afirmaciones irónicas, sarcásticas, bromas o humor (Al Rashdi, 2018;Cramer, de Juan, y Tetreault, 2016;Sampietro, 2016;Weissman y Tanner, 2018) y se utilizan para intensificar manifestaciones de afecto e intimidad expresadas en forma verbal (Kelly y Watts, 2015;Pérez-Sabater, 2019).…”

“…Al igual que sus antecedentes ASCII, pueden actuar también a nivel de cortesía. Se emplean para atenuar y moderar diferentes actos de habla, como peticiones, órdenes o disculpas o para reforzar agradecimientos, cumplidos y felicitaciones (Sampietro, 2016(Sampietro, , 2017, así como para mostrar cercanía y reforzar la relación (Kelly y Watts, 2015;Pérez-Sabater, 2019).…”