“…The exemplary work of the National Research Council's (2005) series How Students Learn summarizes research across disciplines to emphasize how specific teaching strategies can enhance young children's learning (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999). The theoretical foundation for the conceptualization of instructional supports in the CLASS framework comes primarily from research on children's cognitive and language development (e.g., Carver & Klahr, 2001;Catts, Fey, Zhang, & Tomblin, 2001;Fujiki, Brinton, & Clarke, 2002;Romberg, Carpenter, & Dremock, 2005;Taylor, Pearson, Peterson, & Rodriguez, 2003;Vygotsky, 1991;Wharton-McDonald et al, 1998). A student's cognitive and language development is contingent on the opportunities adults provide to express existing skills and scaffold more complex ones (Davis & Miyake, 2004;Skibbe, Behnke, & Justice, 2004;Vygotsky, 1991).…”