Emotional arousal in 2D versus 3D virtual reality environments

Tian, Feng; Hua, Minlei; Zhang, Wenrui; Li, Yingjie; Yang, Xiaoli

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256211

Cited by 57 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This phenomenon may be considered from the inverse U-shaped model of arousal levels [ 48 ]. VR has been shown to increase emotional arousal recorded by multichannel electroencephalograms [ 49 , 50 ], which is consistent with our results showing that the VR-EX condition had a greater arousal increase than the 2D-EX condition. Although exercise-induced increases in intraparticipant arousal levels measured by the TDMS have been associated with enhanced cognitive function and prefrontal activity, which controls cognitive processing [ 25 ], excessively increased arousal levels related to high intensity exercise [ 51 ] or stress [ 52 ] may counteract the beneficial effects of exercise on cognitive function.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The Effects of Acute Virtual Reality Exergaming on Mood and Executive Function: Exploratory Crossover Trial

Ochi¹,

Kuwamizu²,

Fujimoto³

et al. 2022

JMIR Serious Games

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Background Virtual reality (VR) exergaming is a new intervention strategy to help humans engage in physical activity to enhance mood. VR exergaming may improve both mood and executive function by acting on the prefrontal cortex, expanding the potential benefits. However, the impact of VR exergaming on executive function has not been fully investigated, and associated intervention strategies have not yet been established. Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of 10 minutes of VR exergaming on mood and executive function. Methods A total of 12 participants played the exergame “FitXR” under 3 conditions: (1) a VR exergame condition (ie, exercise with a head-mounted display condition [VR-EX]) in which they played using a head-mounted display, (2) playing the exergame in front of a flat display (2D-EX), and (3) a resting condition in which they sat in a chair. The color-word Stroop task (CWST), which assesses executive function; the short form of the Profile of Mood States second edition (POMS2); and the short form of the Two-Dimensional Mood Scale (TDMS), which assess mood, were administered before and after the exercise or rest conditions. Results The VR-EX condition increased the POMS2 vigor activity score (rest and VR-EX: t11=3.69, P=.003) as well as the TDMS arousal (rest vs 2D-EX: t11=5.34, P<.001; rest vs VR-EX: t11=5.99, P<.001; 2D-EX vs VR-EX: t11=3.02, P=.01) and vitality scores (rest vs 2D-EX: t11=3.74, P=.007; rest vs VR-EX: t11=4.84, P=.002; 2D-EX vs VR-EX: t11=3.53, P=.006), suggesting that VR exergaming enhanced mood. Conversely, there was no effect on CWST performance in either the 2D-EX or VR-EX conditions. Interestingly, the VR-EX condition showed a significant positive correlation between changes in CWST arousal and reaction time (r=0.58, P=.046). This suggests that the effect of exergaming on improving executive function may disappear under an excessively increased arousal level in VR exergaming. Conclusions Our findings showed that 10 minutes of VR exergaming enhanced mood but did not affect executive function. This suggests that some VR content may increase cognitive demands, leading to psychological fatigue and cognitive decline as an individual approaches the limits of available attentional capacity. Future research must examine the combination of exercise and VR that enhances both brain function and mood.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The Effects of Acute Virtual Reality Exergaming on Mood and Executive Function: Exploratory Crossover Trial

Ochi¹,

Kuwamizu²,

Fujimoto³

et al. 2022

JMIR Serious Games

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Neuroimaging research has shown that human brains are more attuned to complex, naturalistic stimuli over those that are simple and artificial [15]. VR technology can be customized to present three-dimensional images [16][17][18], create the illusion of distant sounds [19,20], and provide haptic feedback to create engaging, multimodal stimuli that represent the lived experiences of research participants [21][22][23]. VR can also incorporate a high degree of control in a realistic and multisensory environment, ideal for high quality basic research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid assessment of hand reaching using virtual reality and application in cerebellar stroke

et al. 2022

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The acquisition of sensory information about the world is a dynamic and interactive experience, yet the majority of sensory research focuses on perception without action and is conducted with participants who are passive observers with very limited control over their environment. This approach allows for highly controlled, repeatable experiments and has led to major advances in our understanding of basic sensory processing. Typical human perceptual experiences, however, are far more complex than conventional action-perception experiments and often involve bi-directional interactions between perception and action. Innovations in virtual reality (VR) technology offer an approach to close this notable disconnect between perceptual experiences and experiments. VR experiments can be conducted with a high level of empirical control while also allowing for movement and agency as well as controlled naturalistic environments. New VR technology also permits tracking of fine hand movements, allowing for seamless empirical integration of perception and action. Here, we used VR to assess how multisensory information and cognitive demands affect hand movements while reaching for virtual targets. First, we manipulated the visibility of the reaching hand to uncouple vision and proprioception in a task measuring accuracy while reaching toward a virtual target (n = 20, healthy young adults). The results, which as expected revealed multisensory facilitation, provided a rapid and a highly sensitive measure of isolated proprioceptive accuracy. In the second experiment, we presented the virtual target only briefly and showed that VR can be used as an efficient and robust measurement of spatial memory (n = 18, healthy young adults). Finally, to assess the feasibility of using VR to study perception and action in populations with physical disabilities, we showed that the results from the visual-proprioceptive task generalize to two patients with recent cerebellar stroke. Overall, we show that VR coupled with hand-tracking offers an efficient and adaptable way to study human perception and action.

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“…The characteristic channels selected for statistical analysis of EEG were frontal region (Fz, F3, F4, FCz, FC3, FC4), parietal region (Pz, P3, P4), central region (Cz, C3, C4, CP3, CP4), temporal region (TP7, TP8, T7, T8, P7, P8), and occipital region (POz, PO3, PO4, Oz, PO7, PO8) [31]. The subjects' EEG data were acquired via Neuroacle EEG Recorder V2.0.1, a toolbox of the software Matlab 2016 (Math Works, USA), with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz and electrode impedances all less than 5 kQ.…”

Section: Data Recording and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where k represents the number of trials in the data segment (k = 1 in this experiment), n represents the number of data points in each segment, and x(k) i represents the value of the ith point in the kth data segment [31].…”

Section: Data Recording and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Density EEG Study Investigating VR Film Editing and Cognitive Event Segmentation Theory

Tian

Wang

Cheng

et al. 2021

Sensors

Self Cite

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This paper introduces a cognitive psychological experiment that was conducted to analyze how traditional film editing methods and the application of cognitive event segmentation theory perform in virtual reality (VR). Thirty volunteers were recruited and asked to watch a series of short VR videos designed in three dimensions: time, action (characters), and space. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded simultaneously during their participation. Subjective results show that any of the editing methods used would lead to an increased load and reduced immersion. Furthermore, the cognition of event segmentation theory also plays an instructive role in VR editing, with differences mainly focusing on frontal, parietal, and central regions. On this basis, visual evoked potential (VEP) analysis was performed, and the standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography algorithm (sLORETA) traceability method was used to analyze the data. The results of the VEP analysis suggest that shearing usually elicits a late event-related potential component, while the sources of VEP are mainly the frontal and parietal lobes. The insights derived from this work can be used as guidance for VR content creation, allowing VR image editing to reveal greater richness and unique beauty.

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Emotional arousal in 2D versus 3D virtual reality environments

Cited by 57 publications

References 36 publications

The Effects of Acute Virtual Reality Exergaming on Mood and Executive Function: Exploratory Crossover Trial

The Effects of Acute Virtual Reality Exergaming on Mood and Executive Function: Exploratory Crossover Trial

Rapid assessment of hand reaching using virtual reality and application in cerebellar stroke

A High-Density EEG Study Investigating VR Film Editing and Cognitive Event Segmentation Theory

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