Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children

Racial meaning with a mediated generalization procedure

“…Given this assumption. the reported racial difference appears eonsistent with the identification theory (black Ss favor darkeT skin colors) but appears inconsistent with scveral studies whlch have shown Ihal black Ss ascribe a negative value to dark skin colors (Clark & Clark, 1950;Morland, 1966;Stevenson & Stewart, 1958). Perhaps this inconsistency means that young black college Ss prefer dark skin colors.…”

Suicide and gay/lesbian/bisexual youth: implications for clinicians

“…In addition, without the inclusion of adequate role models in the curriculum, GLB youth have little to feel proud about in terms of their identity (Owens, 1998). A similar phenomenon has been investigated with regard to racial and ethnic minority persons (Clark and Clark, 1947). In striking contrast to the lack of positive information regarding GLBQ issues, adolescents report hearing derogatory comments regarding GLBQ persons on a regular basis (Sears, 1991), particularly from their peers.…”

To belong or not to belong, that is the question: Terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity.

“…Allport discussed it in the context of intropunitive ego defenses resulting from being a target of prejudice and suggested that it may help the individual identify with the majority group and deflect blame for the negative image of one's group onto in-group members other than oneself. Empirically, the Clark and Clark (1947) research (which was instrumental in starting the desegregation movement), in which Black children showed a preference for White over Black dolls, could be viewed as evidence of this phenomenon. However, despite extensive discussion of this issue over the years, more research is needed to investigate this phenomenon in adults and the conditions under which it is most likely to occur.…”