Emotional Motor System

Holstege, Gert; Mouton, Leonora J.; Gerrits, Peter O.

doi:10.1016/b978-012547626-3/50037-5

Cited by 131 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Indeed, ITC GABAergic neurons are an intraamygdala relay station exerting feed-forward inhibition of the CeA output (Pare et al, 2004). The CeA is a major output station in the amygdala, and its projections reach different structures in the brainstem, which have a role in generating behaviorally relevant outputs (LeDoux et al, 1988;Holstege et al, 1996). Finally, it has been demonstrated, that mpFC stimulation increases ITC c-Fos expression (Berretta et al, 2005) and produced an associated inhibition of CeA neurons (Quirk et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal/Amygdalar System Determines Stress Coping Behavior Through 5-HT/GABA Connection

Andolina

Maran

Valzania

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Coping is defined as the behavioral and physiological effort made to master stressful situations. The ability to cope with stress leads either to healthy or to pathogenic outcomes. The medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC) and amygdala are acknowledged as having a major role in stress-related behaviors, and mpFC has a critical role in the regulation of amygdala-mediated arousal in response to emotionally salient stimuli. Prefrontal cortical serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is involved in corticolimbic circuitry, and GABA has a major role in amygdala functioning. Here, using mice, it was assessed whether amygdalar GABA regulation by prefrontal 5-HT is involved in processing stressful experiences and in determining coping outcomes. First (experiment 1), bilateral selective 5-HT depletion in mpFC of mice reduced GABA release induced by stress in basolateral amygdala (BLA) and passive coping in the Forced Swimming Test (FST) (experiment 2). Moreover, prefrontal-amygdala disconnection procedure that combined a selective unilateral 5-HT depletion of mpFC and infusion of an inhibitor of GABA synthesis into the contralateral BLA, thereby to disrupt prefrontal-amygdalar serial connectivity bilaterally, showed that disconnection selectively decreases immobility in the FST. These results point to prefrontal/amygdala connectivity mediated by 5-HT and GABA transmission as a critical neural mechanism in stress-induced behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal/Amygdalar System Determines Stress Coping Behavior Through 5-HT/GABA Connection

Andolina

Maran

Valzania

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The somatic descending brain stem pathways provide an important source of control to the axial muscles, including the interstitiospinal tract, tectospinal tract, lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts, reticulospinal tract from the pontine, medullary and mesencephalic medial tegmental fields, and fibers from the nucleus of the posterior commissure (Kuypers 1964(Kuypers , 1981. The innervation of spinal interneurons and motoneurons by these pathways is both uni-and bilateral (Holstege 1996). The monoaminergic descending systems also regulate muscle tone, including serotonergic fibers from the raphe nuclei, noradrenergic fibers from the locus coeruleus, the subcoeruleus, and the medial and lateral parabrachialis nuclei, and a small contingent of dopaminergic fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postural Muscle Tone in the Body Axis of Healthy Humans

Gurfinkel¹,

Cacciatore²,

Cordo³

et al. 2006

Journal of Neurophysiology

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muscle tone in the body axis of healthy humans. J Neurophysiol 96: 2678 -2687, 2006. First published July 12, 2006 doi:10.1152/jn.00406.2006. Across the entire human body, postural tone might play its most critical role in the body's axis because the axis joins the four limbs and head into a single functioning unit during complex motor tasks as well as in static postures. Although postural tone is commonly viewed as low-level, tonic motor activity, we hypothesized that postural tone is both tonically and dynamically regulated in the human axis even during quiet stance. Our results describe the vertical distribution of postural muscle tone in the neck, trunk, and hips of standing human adults. Each subject stood blindfolded on a platform that axially rotated the neck, trunk, or pelvis at 1°/s and Ϯ10°relative to the neutral position (i.e., facing forward). The measured resistance to axial rotation was highest in the trunk and lowest in the neck and was characterized by several nonlinear features including short-range stiffness and hysteresis. In half of the subjects, axial muscle activity was relatively constant during axial rotation, and in the other half, muscle activity was modulated by lengthening and shortening reactions, i.e., decreasing activity in lengthening muscles and increasing activity in shortening muscles, respectively. Axial resistance to rotation was reduced in subjects whose muscle activity was modulated. The results indicate that axial tone is modulated sensitively and dynamically, this control originates, at least in part, from tonic lengthening and shortening reactions, and a similar type of control appears to exist for postural tone in the proximal muscles of the arm.

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“…Successful behavior requires flexibility, i.e., that timely adaptive actions and coordinated autonomic and neuroendocrine discharges be deftly turned on and off in response to coinciding, conflicting, and changing internal dictates and external circumstances (Mesulam, 1990;Holstege et al, 1996;Aston-Jones et al, 1999). The relevant processes are modulated by emotions (Holstege, 1992) and are frequently lost in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders (Eslinger and Grattan, 1993;Wolters, 2000;McDonald et al, 2002;Habib, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behavioral flexibility is subserved by the interconnections of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures (MacLean, 1989;Napier et al, 1991;Kalivas and Barnes, 1993;Holstege et al, 1996;McGinty, 1999). Among extant models describing relevant connectional relationships (Alheid and Heimer, 1988;Holstege, 1989Holstege, , 1992Swanson, 2000Swanson, , 2003Alheid, 2003;Heimer, 2003), one features basal forebrain "functional-anatomical macrosystems," e.g., striatopallidum (Heimer and Wilson, 1975), extended amygdala (Alheid and Heimer, 1988), and the hippocampal-septal system (Alheid and Heimer, 1988;Swanson, 2000), which are said to receive specific information primarily from the cortex and project back to cortex via connections with thalamocortical and other corticopetal systems and to diencephalic and brainstem motor effectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Specificity in the Projections of Prefrontal and Insular Cortex to Ventral Striatopallidum and the Extended Amygdala

2005

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The basal forebrain functional-anatomical macrosystems, ventral striatopallidum, and extended amygdala are innervated by substantially coextensive distributions of neurons in the prefrontal and insular cortex. This suggests two alternative organizational schemes: convergent, in which a given cortical area projects exclusively to only one of these macrosystems and divergent, in which a given cortical area innervates both forebrain macrosystems. To examine the underlying organization and possibly discriminate between these alternatives, rats were injected with two retrograde tracers in different parts of ventral striatopallidum or extended amygdala (homotypic injection pairs) or with one tracer in each macrosystem (heterotypic). The prefrontal and insular cortex was evaluated microscopically for overlap of retrograde labeling and double labeling of neurons. Homotypic injection pairs in the ventral striatum and extended amygdala produced extensive overlap of retrogradely labeled neurons and significant double labeling, suggesting that cortical projections spread broadly within macrosystems. In contrast, heterotypic injection pairs produced significant overlap of retrograde labeling but negligible double labeling, indicating that ventral striatopallidum and extended amygdala receive inputs from separate sets of prefronto-and insular cortical neurons. The caudomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens, a supposed "transition" zone between striatopallidum and extended amygdala, had extended amygdala-like afferents but produced few double-labeled neurons and these only when paired with ventral striatopallidum. The data suggest that a modular organization of the basal forebrain, with postulated independent information processing by the ventral striatopallidal and extended amygdala macrosystems, is reflected in a corresponding segregation of output neurons in the prefrontal and insular cortices.

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Emotional Motor System

Cited by 131 publications

References 28 publications

Prefrontal/Amygdalar System Determines Stress Coping Behavior Through 5-HT/GABA Connection

Prefrontal/Amygdalar System Determines Stress Coping Behavior Through 5-HT/GABA Connection

Postural Muscle Tone in the Body Axis of Healthy Humans

Specificity in the Projections of Prefrontal and Insular Cortex to Ventral Striatopallidum and the Extended Amygdala

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