Emotional Processing Therapy for post traumatic stress disorder

Baker, Roger; Gale, Lisa Y.; Abbey, Gareth; Thomas, Sarah

doi:10.1080/09515070.2013.816840

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Positive psychological approaches that focus on eliciting positive emotions may provide a means of reducing or even neutralising the impact of aversive events on emotional experiences [ 44 – 46 ]. Emotion-focused or experiential therapies may be particularly helpful for people with poor awareness of their emotions and psychological functioning [ 47 , 48 ]. Recognising the limits of the current research, there is a need for a more complete consideration of demographic, disease specific and psychosocial factors involved in the development of depression and of their respective contributions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety, emotional processing and depression in people with multiple sclerosis

et al. 2017

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BackgroundDespite the high comorbidity of anxiety and depression in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), little is known about their inter-relationships. Both involve emotional perturbations and the way in which emotions are processed is likely central to both. The aim of the current study was to explore relationships between the domains of mood, emotional processing and coping and to analyse how anxiety affects coping, emotional processing, emotional balance and depression in people with MS.MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire study involving 189 people with MS with a confirmed diagnosis of MS recruited from three French hospitals. Study participants completed a battery of questionnaires encompassing the following domains: i. anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)); ii. emotional processing (Emotional Processing Scale (EPS-25)); iii. positive and negative emotions (Positive and Negative Emotionality Scale (EPN-31)); iv. alexithymia (Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire) and v. coping (Coping with Health Injuries and Problems-Neuro (CHIP-Neuro) questionnaire. Relationships between these domains were explored using path analysis.ResultsAnxiety was a strong predictor of depression, in both a direct and indirect way, and our model explained 48% of the variance of depression. Gender and functional status (measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale) played a modest role. Non-depressed people with MS reported high levels of negative emotions and low levels of positive emotions. Anxiety also had an indirect impact on depression via one of the subscales of the Emotional Processing Scale (“Unregulated Emotion”) and via negative emotions (EPN-31).ConclusionsThis research confirms that anxiety is a vulnerability factor for depression via both direct and indirect pathways. Anxiety symptoms should therefore be assessed systematically and treated in order to lessen the likelihood of depression symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety, emotional processing and depression in people with multiple sclerosis

et al. 2017

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“…Variables such as social support and/or constraints on talking about the illness [21,28,30,[54][55][56][57][58], emotion regulation strategies such as dissociation [22], emotional suppression and avoidance [59,60], and rumination [61] have been identified as predictors of PTSD symptoms in cancer populations. Most recently, emotional processing styles have been implicated in post-natal depression [62] and PTSD [63,64]. Given the protracted nature of cancer, it is possible that social variables and their relationship to beliefs about experiencing and expressing of emotions may influence cognitive processing over the course of disease and predict the emergence of CR-PTSD.…”

Section: Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveSystematic reviews highlight a broad range of cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) prevalence estimates in cancer survivors. This meta-analysis was conducted to provide a prevalence estimate of significant CR-PTSD symptoms and full diagnoses to facilitate the psychological aftercare of cancer survivors.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted for studies using samples of cancer survivors by using validated clinical interviews and questionnaires to assess the prevalence of CR-PTSD (k = 25, n = 4189). Prevalence estimates were calculated for each assessment method using random-effects meta-analysis. Mixed-effects meta-regression and categorical analyses were used to investigate study-level moderator effects.ResultsStudies using the PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version yielded lower event rates using cut-off [7.3%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 4.5–11.7, k = 10] than symptom cluster (11.2%, 95% CI = 8.7–14.4, k = 9). Studies using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (SCID), yielded low rates for lifetime (15.3%, 95% CI = 9.1–25, k = 5) and current CR-PTSD (5.1%, 95% CI = 2.8–8.9, k = 9). Between-study heterogeneity was substantial (I2 = 54–87%). Studies with advanced-stage samples yielded significantly higher rates with PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version cluster scoring (p = 0.05), and when assessing current CR-PTSD on the SCID (p = 0.05). The effect of mean age on current PTSD prevalence met significance on the SCID (p = 0.05). SCID lifetime prevalence rates decreased with time post-treatment (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.05).DiscussionThe cancer experience is sufficiently traumatic to induce PTSD in a minority of cancer survivors. Post-hoc analyses suggest that those who are younger, are diagnosed with more advanced disease and recently completed treatment may be at greater risk of PTSD. More research is needed to investigate vulnerability factors for PTSD in cancer survivors.© 2014 The Authors. Psycho-Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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“…From a psychological point of view, fear, anxiety and pain are thought to be exacerbated by difficulties in spontaneously adapting to emotional events to reduce their psychological and physiological burden. [32][33][34][35][36] For example, EP difficulties worsened pain intensity in several chronic syndromes. 34 36 47 No study so far has applied EP concepts to colonoscopy pain and, more generally, to pain deriving from an aversive medical procedure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32 33 In this framework, emotional disturbances, including phobias, derive from excessive suppression, repression or avoidance of emotion. 32 33 According to a recent process model, [34][35][36][37] every emotion begins with a triggering event (or input), whose cognitive appraisal determines the valence and intensity of the subsequent emotional experience and eventually its expression through appropriate behaviours. The experience stage is essential to the process and determines the person's awareness of their feelings.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitations Of This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, difficulties in controlling the behavioural expression of emotions can result in excessive, disorderly or inappropriate behavioural responses to emotional triggers. [34][35][36][37] Patients who have difficulties controlling emotions may suffer more severe, unpleasant sensations, such as creating voluntary or involuntary movements that interfere with the endoscopist's procedures.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitations Of This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do difficulties in emotional processing predict procedure pain and shape the patient’s colonoscopy experience?

et al. 2022

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ObjectivesPain and fear of colonoscopy are inter-related; they make the colonoscopy experience unpleasant and impede adherence to colorectal cancer screening and prevention campaigns. According to previous research, fear and pain have been found to depend on patients’ maladaptive cognitions and exaggerated emotional responses. The present study investigated whether emotional processing difficulties predicted colonoscopy pain and the associated catastrophising thoughts.DesignProspective, observational, blinded.MethodA sample of 123 patients was assessed for specific emotional processing difficulties (ie, suppression of emotions, unprocessed emotions, failure to control emotions, avoidance of emotional triggers and impoverished emotional experience) and anxiety-related variables (ie, worry, anxiety and depression) before colonoscopy. A trained medical doctor rated patients’ behavioural manifestations of pain during colonoscopy. After complete recovery from sedation, the patients rated the endoscopy experience using perceived pain and situation-specific pain catastrophising scales.ResultsAbout half of the patients were above the cut-off for anxiety before the procedure. Notwithstanding sedation, behavioural manifestations of pain during colonoscopy indicated probable or moderate pain for about one-third of the patients. Failure to control emotions, poor emotional experience and avoiding emotional triggers were positively correlated with behavioural manifestations of pain, self-reported pain and pain catastrophising. Regression analyses, controlling for gender, age, colonoscopy experience and sedation, revealed that avoidance of emotional triggers uniquely contributed to predicting pain outcomes.ConclusionsEarly identification of emotional processing difficulties associated with pain catastrophising can help define personalised psychological preparation paths to manage negative emotions in patients who fear colonoscopy pain.

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Emotional Processing Therapy for post traumatic stress disorder

Cited by 9 publications

References 70 publications

Anxiety, emotional processing and depression in people with multiple sclerosis

Anxiety, emotional processing and depression in people with multiple sclerosis

A meta‐analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder

Do difficulties in emotional processing predict procedure pain and shape the patient’s colonoscopy experience?

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