“…In this preliminary study, we explored associations between student perceptions of harm from tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use and their selfreported SSE. Known, and lesser studied, risk factors for adverse behavior among early adolescents include lower levels of self-efficacy and lower life satisfaction (Valois, Kerr, & Huebner, 2012;Valois, Paxton, Zullig, & Huebner, 2006, 2010Valois, Revels, Kerr, & Kammermann, 2015;Zullig, Teoli, & Valois, 2015), while known protective factors include social skills such as the ability to make friends and maintain quality peer relationships (Paxton et al, 2006;Valois et al, 2009). In addition, perception of harm of an illicit substance is a known risk or protective factor for subsequent substance use, with higher perceptions of harm being strongly associated with reduced use of a particular substance and vice versa (Hawkins et al, 1992;Johnston et al, 2012;SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2013).…”