“…From this perspective, boredom can be defined as a unique emotional process consisting of four components: affective (unpleasant, aversive feeling), cognitive (altered perceptions of time, mind wandering), motivational (desire to withdraw from the current situation), and physiological/expressive (low arousal, yawning, looking tired; Goetz et al, 2019; Pekrun et al, 2010, 2014). The term “academic boredom” refers to boredom experienced in learning and achievement situations (Goetz, Stempfer, et al, in press; Pekrun et al, 2002). According to the specific learning context to which boredom is related, academic boredom can be either class-related, learning-related (including homework), or test-related.…”