Emotions in Vowel Segments of Continuous Speech: Analysis of the Glottal Flow Using the Normalised Amplitude Quotient

Airas, Matti; Alku, Paavo

doi:10.1159/000091405

Cited by 95 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…This result was in line with earlier findings [3,15] . However, no gender differences were found in NAQ, which contrasts with earlier findings [26] . Gender differences in NAQ may reflect differences in F 0 control mechanisms (not differences in F 0 per se, since NAQ by definition is normalized according to F 0 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Monopitched Expression of Emotions in Different Vowels

Waaramaa

Laukkanen

Alku

et al. 2008

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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Fundamental frequency (F₀) and intensity are known to be important variables in the communication of emotions in speech. In singing, however, pitch is predetermined and yet the voice should convey emotions. Hence, other vocal parameters are needed to express emotions. This study investigated the role of voice source characteristics and formant frequencies in the communication of emotions in monopitched vowel samples [a:], [i:] and [u:]. Student actors (5 males, 8 females) produced the emotional samples simulating joy, tenderness, sadness, anger and a neutral emotional state. Equivalent sound level (L_eq), alpha ratio [SPL (1–5 kHz) – SPL (50 Hz–1 kHz)] and formant frequencies F1–F4 were measured. The [a:] samples were inverse filtered and the estimated glottal flows were parameterized with the normalized amplitude quotient [NAQ = f_AC/(d_peakT)]. Interrelations of acoustic variables were studied by ANCOVA, considering the valence and psychophysiological activity of the expressions. Forty participants listened to the randomized samples (n = 210) for identification of the emotions. The capacity of monopitched vowels for conveying emotions differed. L_eq and NAQ differentiated activity levels. NAQ also varied independently of L_eq. In [a:], filter (formant frequencies F1–F4) was related to valence. The interplay between voice source and F1–F4 warrants a synthesis study.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Monopitched Expression of Emotions in Different Vowels

Waaramaa

Laukkanen

Alku

et al. 2008

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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“…Contrary to expectations, the males used a wider F0 variation in text reading compared to the females. For instance, the results for American conversational speech [47] , the general description of voice therapy in transgender deformation [48] and the results obtained by Airas and Alku [49] con- [50] is compensated for the 40 cm that was used in the present study, we end up with values of 103.4 and 103.8 dB, respectively).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…ref. 49,50 ]; i.e. the voices were evaluated to be tighter, more pressed as the spectral slope was more gentle (see also fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Vocal Capacity of Finnish University Students

Leino

Laukkanen

Ilomäki

et al. 2008

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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This article summarizes the results for a total of 189 female and 63 male university students (mean age 23 and 26 years, respectively) from the following vocal capacity tests: measurement of (1) vital capacity, (2) average airflow in phonation (on [o:]), (3) maximum duration of sustained blowing, (4) maximum phonation time (on [o:, z:]), (5) maximum duration of [s:], (6) the ratio of the duration of [s:] to [z:] (s/z ratio), (7) phonation quotient (the ratio between vital capacity and maximum phonation time), (8) the lowest possible tone, (9) mean fundamental frequency (F0) in normal and loud text reading and in shouting, (10) difference between the lowest tone and mean F0 in text reading and in shouting, (11) F0 range in text reading, (12) equivalent sound level of normal and loud reading and of shouting in maximum loudness, (13) phonetogram (voice range profile) and (14) long-term average spectrum of text reading. Voice quality is also evaluated perceptually, and additionally, data on subjects’ self-reported vocal fatigue symptoms in general or after a vocally loading task were collected. The value of these measurements from the point of view of assessment of vocal capacity will be discussed.

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“…45 Emotions have a strong connection to the voice production. 46,47 Stress and anxiety change the acoustic features of the voice 48 and have been found to be associated with voice symptoms in teachers 49,50 and student teachers. 51 Teaching indeed includes numerous stressful factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%