Empathic responses to others’ gains and losses: An electrophysiological investigation

Like or Dislike? Affective Preference Modulates Neural Response to Others' Gains and Losses

“…Ma and colleagues removed the observer's own gambling from the experimental design, so that participants only observed and evaluated the outcomes of friends versus strangers. Once the observers' egocentric focus on their own results was no longer a factor, there was a larger oFRN effect associated with friends' outcomes than with strangers' [11]. It seems like that the greater the self-benefit is involved, the more that egocentrism and cognitive evaluation reduce the emotional response toward others' results.…”

Probabilistic reward learning in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—An electrophysiological study

“…It is unclear in how far the P300, associated with stimulus evaluation and categorization (Ridderinkhof and van der Molen, 1995), plays a role in the context of feedback processing. There are reports of increased P300 amplitudes for positive relative to negative feedback, for unexpected relative to expected and for larger relative to smaller outcomes (Yeung and Sanfey, 2004;Leng and Zhou, 2010;Ma et al, 2011). However, feedback valence does not seem to modulate the P300 consistently.…”

“…Also, reward learning appears to lack modulation by motivational factors such as frequency or magnitude of reward in children with ADHD (Luman et al, 2009). The "reward system" relies on dopamine (DA) as a neurotransmitter (Yeung and Sanfey, 2004;Hajcak et al, 2005;Leng and Zhou, 2010;Ma et al, 2011) and involves projections to the striatum and frontal cortex, particularly the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (Yeung and Sanfey, 2004;Sato et al, 2005). Mesolimbic DA hypoactivity represents a core feature of ADHD, potentially resulting in a failure to efficiently use cues that predict future rewards or in a steeper temporal discounting slope, meaning that patients with ADHD would not be willing to wait until they get a reward (Potts et al, 2006).…”

You Have My Word: Reciprocity Expectation Modulates Feedback-Related Negativity in the Trust Game

“…For instance, in one of our recent studies [16], we investigated how interpersonal relationship modulates people’s empathic responses to others’ financial gains and losses. We observed that, when subjects passively observed others executing the gambling task, d-FRN elicited toward their friends’ gain loss discrepancy was enhanced than that toward strangers, which is consistent with the increased motivational relevance exerted toward the socially closer counterparts.…”