Empathy and the ability to experience one's own emotions modify the expression of blatant and subtle prejudice among young male adults

Önal, A.; Rapp, Michael A.; Sebold, Miriam; Garbusow, Maria; Chen, Hao; Kuitunen‐Paul, Sören; Montag, Christiane; Kluge, Ulrike; Smolka, Michael N.; Heinz, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.011

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The BSD, a measure of blatant prejudice (Pettigrew, 2009), showed the lowest correlation with the subtle form of racism. These results align with the nowprevailing notion of blatant and covert expressions of negative attitudes being two highly interconnected but distinct concepts (e.g., Axt, 2018;Önal et al, 2021), which in our view reflects their nature, considering both refer to underlying antipathy to otherness (Verberk et al, 2002). Also, in previous studies, connections between some demographic characteristics and negative attitudes were observed (e.g., Ford, 2008;Verberk et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…To date, there is no clear consensus on the plausibility of the distinction between the blatant and subtle forms of negative attitudes. However, more recent studies found blatant and subtle forms of negative attitudes to be two highly intercorrelated but distinct concepts (Axt, 2018;Önal et al, 2021;Verberk et al, 2002); our results align with this notion. Another one of our study's strengths lies in the use of multiple methods to capture various complementary aspects of attitude, prejudice, and racism (social distance, blatant and subtle racism, conflicts, and interpersonal functioning).…”

Section: Limitationssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Instead, since the last decades of the 20th century, more covert and subtle expressions of negative attitudes have emerged, such as beliefs that discrimination is no longer an issue (Gattino et al, 2008; McConahay, 1986; Pettigrew, 2009; Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995). Although some questions about the validity and reliability of methods delineating these concepts were raised (Brown et al, 2009; Coenders et al, 2001; Gattino et al, 2008), the notion that blatant and subtle negative attitudes are two highly connected but distinct ways of negative attitude expression now prevails (Axt, 2018; Önal et al, 2021; Verberk et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does personality functioning relate to attitude toward minorities?

Doubková

Heissler

Barcaj

et al. 2022

Personality & Mental Health

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The relationship between negative attitudes and psychopathology is not yet clear. The current shift to a dimensional approach to mental disorders, as reflected in both the DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 models of personality disorders, seems to enrich the traditional approach to study attitudes. This study investigates whether and how impairments in personality functioning are linked to attitudes toward minorities. A comparison of levels of impairment in global and Self and interpersonal personality functioning, negative attitudes, social distance, and racism was conducted in the sample of 127 adults from the general population group (n = 69) and a group of people with diagnosed personality disorders (n = 58). Differences between both groups were found. The personality disorders group showed higher impairment in personality functioning, scored higher on negative attitude measures, and was more prone to the blatant expression of attitudes than the general population. The association between attitudes and personality functioning did not fully reflect these trends. However, given the nature of differences, it is suspected that the proclivity to the blatant expression of negative attitudes could go beyond negative attitudes toward minorities themselves and reflect disorder‐related characteristics, that is, more problematic and conflicted relationships with others in general.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Limitationssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Does personality functioning relate to attitude toward minorities?

Doubková

Heissler

Barcaj

et al. 2022

Personality & Mental Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For instance, inducing people to feel empathy by encouraging them to imagine what it might be like to be an outgroup person in a prejudiced society reduced prejudiced attitudes ( Batson et al, 1997 ; Batson and Powell, 2003 ). In a previous study, we have also observed a negative correlation between empathy and blatant as well as subtle prejudices ( Önal et al, 2021 ). Thus, empathy is one facet of morality that can be targeted to reduce prejudices.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Subjects were randomly sampled from the population in two German cities (Berlin and Dresden) and had no history of neurological or psychiatric diseases. At age 21 (Follow-up time point year 3) we additionally aimed to use this sample of young men to assess the association between empathy, alexithymia and the self-reported level of prejudices ( Önal et al, 2021 ). Therefore, we asked the subjects to complete – among other computerized questionnaires – the Blatant and Subtle Prejudice Scale ( Pettigrew and Meertens, 1995 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stronger Prejudices Are Associated With Decreased Model-Based Control

et al. 2022

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Background: Prejudices against minorities can be understood as habitually negative evaluations that are kept in spite of evidence to the contrary. Therefore, individuals with strong prejudices might be dominated by habitual or “automatic” reactions at the expense of more controlled reactions. Computational theories suggest individual differences in the balance between habitual/model-free and deliberative/model-based decision-making.Methods: 127 subjects performed the two Step task and completed the blatant and subtle prejudice scale.Results: By using analyses of choices and reaction times in combination with computational modeling, subjects with stronger blatant prejudices showed a shift away from model-based control. There was no association between these decision-making processes and subtle prejudices.Conclusion: These results support the idea that blatant prejudices toward minorities are related to a relative dominance of habitual decision-making. This finding has important implications for developing interventions that target to change prejudices across societies.

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Development and validation of police mental health ability scale

Cheng-ju

et al. 2022

Journal of Occupational Health

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Objectives Police officers are generally under long‐term occupational stress. Good mental health ability enables them to better deal with emergencies and enhance their combat effectiveness. We aimed to develop the Police Mental Health Ability Scale (PMHAS) to provide a reference for police selection and ability training. Methods Through literature analysis, individual interviews, half‐open and half‐closed questionnaire surveys, and expert consultations, the components of police mental health ability (PMHA) were theoretically constructed. Then, we enrolled 824 in‐service police officers who participated in the training in Chongqing City and Sichuan Province from November 2018 to January 2019 and recovered 767 valid questionnaires (recovery rate, 93.08%). Results Exploratory factor analysis generated five factors for PMHAS, including cognitive intelligence, emotional catharsis, swift decisiveness, behavioral drive, and reward pursuit, accounting for 58.904% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the model fit well (χ2/df = 1.117, RMSEA = 0.020, GFI = 0.948, CFI = 0.990, IFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.987). The correlation coefficients of factors (r = −0.023 ~ 0.580) were lower than that of each factor and total score (r = 0.477 ~ 0.819). The Cronbach's α coefficients of PMHAS and its factors were 0.606–0.863, and the test–retest reliabilities were 0.602–0.732. Conclusion These results suggest that PMHAS is reliable and valid enough for measuring PMHA, which shows that it is a potentially valuable tool for assessing the mental health ability of police officers.

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Empathy and the ability to experience one's own emotions modify the expression of blatant and subtle prejudice among young male adults

Cited by 9 publications

References 65 publications

Does personality functioning relate to attitude toward minorities?

Does personality functioning relate to attitude toward minorities?

Stronger Prejudices Are Associated With Decreased Model-Based Control

Development and validation of police mental health ability scale

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