Empirical analysis of the environmental and energy policies in some developing countries using widely employed macroeconomic indicators: the cases of Brazil, China and India

Income and CO2 emissions: Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests

“…This may be an indication that specifications in log-levels may constitute spurious regressions caused by the differing order of integration or the non-cointegration of the variables, although these issues are not formally addressed in their analysis. Focacci (2005) examines the EKC hypothesis for three developing countries, namely, Brazil, China and India, and finds that it does not hold for such countries. Paudel et al (2005) utilize semiparametric and parametric models to investigate the EKC for three types of water pollution, namely, nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved oxygen (DO), and indicate that the EKC for nitrogen is significantly found, but not for phosphorus or DO.…”

The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve?

“…Although, the findings for individual countries show similarities, overall a strong evidence for EKC type relationship is not found for the countries in question. In a complementing study Focacci (2005) investigates the relationship between per capita income and CO 2 intensity for Brazil and China between 1969 and 1997 and for India between 1960 and 1997 and states that EKC hypothesis is not valid for these countries as well. Perman and Stern (2003) analyze the relationship between GDP and sulfur emissions for 1960-1990 with a panel of 74 countries using cointegration analysis.…”

Privatização: bom ou ruim? Lições do setor de distribuição de energia elétrica do nordeste brasileiro

“…Além disso, o aumento da intensidade de uso de energia elétrica na indústria brasileira, em virtude do processo de modernização (TOLMASQUIM e outros, 2001;FOCACCI, 2005), e do uso residencial (GHISI e outros, 2007), que pode ser comparado em muitos aspectos com os padrões observados em países desenvolvidos como Áustria, Dinamarca, Alemanha, Holanda e Estados Unidos (COHEN e outros, 2005), se tornou um problema difícil de solucionar sem uma ação incisiva de planejamento de longo prazo e investimentos.…”