Empirical characterization of the conducted disturbances generated by the electric vehicles during the charging process

Communications and Data Science for the Success of Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies: Current State and Future Trends

“…Some EVCPs, as depicted in Figure 13a, show narrowband emissions occurring at certain frequencies, corresponding to the switching frequency of the inverter (16 kHz) and its multiples. For other charging processes, in turn, the spectral pattern of the NIEs is in the form of colored noise, decreasing with frequency (amplitudes from 79 dBµV to 48 dBµV), as observed in Figure 13b Regarding the time-dependent behavior of the NIEs, the procedure for the time characterization presented in [153] based on a Fast Fourier-Transform (FFT) analysis, leads to the conclusion that the emissions generated by EVCPs vary within the fundamental period of the mains (20 ms). In Figure 14, as an example, the emissions generated by a certain EVCP with respect to time (vertical axis) and frequency (horizontal axis) are represented by means of a spectrogram.…”

“…Other authors, in turn, have conducted investigations in laboratory scenarios under controlled conditions, in order to avoid external and variable grid effects. In [153], the conducted emissions generated by two EV models considering different charging currents are characterized in the frequency and time domains using a Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) for frequencies up to 500 kHz.…”

“…According to the literature, the spectral and time characteristics of the emissions generated by EVs during their charging process depend on the EV model, SoC, charging current, and EVCS under study [150,153,158]. Some EVCPs, as depicted in Figure 13a, show narrowband emissions occurring at certain frequencies, corresponding to the switching frequency of the inverter (16 kHz) and its multiples.…”

“…In Figure 14, as an example, the emissions generated by a certain EVCP with respect to time (vertical axis) and frequency (horizontal axis) are represented by means of a spectrogram. Figure 14 shows tonal emissions (around 47 kHz and 94 kHz), whose central frequency oscillates periodically with time [153]. The time-dependent behavior of this type of emission was specifically studied in [159], where a periodic pattern with a repetition rate of 41 Hz (24.4 ms) was reported.…”

“…Although, in [158], it was concluded that the amplitude of the emissions generated by EVCPs generally decreases with the distance, resonance effects in the grid impedance may cause a noticeably higher amplitude at specific frequencies [158,163]. For this reason, several authors have characterized the grid impedance in the presence of EVCPs [154,164,165], in order to obtain knowledge about how changes in the impedance during the EVCPs affect the amplitude and propagation of NIEs.…”