Empirical Formulas for the Calculations of the Hardness of Steels Cooled From the Austenitizing Temperature

Trzaska, J.

doi:10.1515/amm-2016-0214

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Each phase's phase transformation start temperature estimations are calculated from the documentation of numerous experimental testing in the alloy heat treatment by Trzaska. [ 35 ] The hardness value of each phase after the quenching process was also calculated from numerous experimental testing in another work by Trzaska, [ 36 ] as shown in Table 3 . The percentage of each formed phase with its hardness values is then calculated by the mixing rule in Equation (3) to determine the hardness value in a certain region of the finite element model.…”

Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile Induction Heat Treatment of Large‐Sized Spur Gear—The Effect of Scanning Speed and Air Gap on the Uniformity of Hardened Depth and Mechanical Properties

Saputro

Chen

Jheng³

et al. 2023

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Prematurely fractured teeth of SCM440 large‐sized spur gear are commonly found among gears of a mechanical press machine. The macroscopic inspection and microstructure examination of a fractured tooth are established to show that the previous induction hardening process produced two serious issues; insufficient hardening in the root areas and nonuniform hardened depth along the tooth circumference. The numerical simulation is executed to replicate the previous induction hardening process, which consists of simulations for tooth‐to‐tooth mobile induction heating, water spray quenching, and the tempering process. This study highlights the influence of most adjustable parameters, such as the scanning speed of the inductor coil and air gap, to collect beneficial insights for further improvements. Experimental and numerical results are compared to validate the numerical model used. The adjustment of scanning speed and air gap highly affects the magnitude and uniformity of hardened depth along the tooth profile. Promising improvements can be achieved by slower, smaller scanning speeds and thinner air gaps, where the distortion is still in the allowed allowable range. This research provides a method and insights for future explorations to deal with relevant issues in the tooth‐to‐tooth mobile induction hardening process.

show abstract

Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile Induction Heat Treatment of Large‐Sized Spur Gear—The Effect of Scanning Speed and Air Gap on the Uniformity of Hardened Depth and Mechanical Properties

Saputro

Chen

Jheng³

et al. 2023

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Figure 13a shows again the experimental (blue dots) and the numerical prediction (blue line) of ferrite content along the depth of the piece, as well as the spindle HV hardness measurements after tempering (red dots) and the numerical hardness prediction (red line). The numerical hardness has been obtained using the formulas developed in [40]. A value of HV 270 was assumed for a pure martensitic structure after tempering.…”

Section: Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modeling for the Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Quenched Automotive Steel Pieces

Coroas,

Viéitez,

Martín

et al. 2023

Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, we present an efficient numerical tool for the prediction of the final microstructure, mechanical properties, and distortions of automotive steel spindles subjected to quenching processes by immersion in liquid tanks. The complete model, which consists of a two-way coupled thermal–metallurgical model and a subsequent (one-way coupled) mechanical model, was numerically implemented using finite element methods. The thermal model includes a novel generalized solid-to-liquid heat transfer model that depends explicitly on the piece’s characteristic size, the physical properties of the quenching fluid, and quenching process parameters. The resulting numerical tool is experimentally validated by comparison with the final microstructure and hardness distributions obtained on automotive spindles subjected to two different industrial quenching processes: (i) a batch-type quenching process with a soaking air-furnace stage prior to the quenching, and (ii) a direct quenching process where the pieces are submerged directly in the liquid just after forging. The complete model retains accurately, at a reduced computational cost, the main features of the different heat transfer mechanisms, with deviations in the temperature evolution and final microstructure lower than 7.5% and 12%, respectively. In the framework of the increasing relevance of digital twins in industry, this model is a useful tool not only to predict the final properties of quenched industrial pieces but also to redesign and optimize the quenching process.

show abstract

Origin of non-uniform tooth flank hardening distribution in SCM440 mobile induction heat–treated steel spur gears—a parametrical study with experimental–numerical coupled investigation

Saputro,

Chiang,

Huang

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Empirical Formulas for the Calculations of the Hardness of Steels Cooled From the Austenitizing Temperature

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Mobile Induction Heat Treatment of Large‐Sized Spur Gear—The Effect of Scanning Speed and Air Gap on the Uniformity of Hardened Depth and Mechanical Properties

Mobile Induction Heat Treatment of Large‐Sized Spur Gear—The Effect of Scanning Speed and Air Gap on the Uniformity of Hardened Depth and Mechanical Properties

Numerical Modeling for the Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Quenched Automotive Steel Pieces

Origin of non-uniform tooth flank hardening distribution in SCM440 mobile induction heat–treated steel spur gears—a parametrical study with experimental–numerical coupled investigation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About